DRIVERS OF 5G

• Introduction
• Evolution of LTE Technology to beyond 4G
• 5G Roadmap
• 10 Pillars of 5G
• 5G Architecture
Introduction
• The amount of data traveling across mobile networks has been growing
exponentially.
• Between 2010 and 2011, mobile data traffic doubled. If this trend is continued into
the next decade, global mobile traffic is expected to grow 1000 times between 2010
and 2020.
• The main factors driving mobile traffic are the increase in mobile devices and the
quick uptake of data-hungry mobile devices, particularly smartphones.
• Currently, almost 50% of all mobile data traffic worldwide is made up of mobile
video; by 2018, that percentage is expected to reach two-thirds.
• In conclusion, social networking has grown in significance for mobile users,
bringing with it new patterns of consumption and a significant volume of data
traffic on mobile devices.
Data consumption of different mobile
terminals.
Device and Relative data usage
• phone 1x
• Smart phone 24x
• Handheld gaming system 60x
• Tablet 122x
• Laptop 515x
 LTE(Long Term Evolution)
• It's a worldwide standard for 4G wireless transmission data, the fourth
generation of mobile network technology initiated in 2008.
• 4G LTE is a global standard and success.
• The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards
group has developed and maintains LTE high-speed wireless technology.
• The 3GPP standards group is responsible for the development and upkeep
of LTE high-speed wireless technology.
• And 4G LTE is a global success.
60% of mobile users have 4G LTE in Dec. 2023
• LTE is a success worldwide, representing 60% of the 5.4 billion unique
subscriptions connecting two-thirds of mobile users globally, according to
the Global Mobile Suppliers' Associations (GSMA 2023 report).
• 791 telecom operators are running LTE networks in 240 countries and
territories across the globe.
• 336 have rolled out LTE-Advanced networks.
• 227 have initiated VoLTE networks.
LTE vs 3G
• Is 4G LTE the same as 3G?
• No. LTE means 4G, and the visible difference is speed!
• 3G (third generation of mobile communications introduced in 2001)
theoretically delivers 7.2Mbps and up to 3Mbps in practice.
• 3G HSPA+ (the advanced version - High-Speed Packet Access+) or 3G++
delivers up to 42Mps and up to 6Mbps in practice.
LTE vs 4G: who's better?

• What's the difference between LTE and 4G?

• LTE is the technology behind 4G (the fourth generation of mobile
communications - an architecture).
• All 4G phones utilize LTE technology in 2022. It brings high speed to
mobile and broadband data.
• How fast is 4G LTE?
• In theory, LTE's maximum speed is 100Mbps. In practice, it tops at
15Mbps. Of course, it all depends on where you're located.
Evolution of LTE(Long Term
Evolution)Technology to Beyond 4G
• Peak data rate of 100Mps for high mobility (up to 360 km/h) and 1
Gps for stationary or pedestrians users.
• User-plane latency of less than 10ms (single-way UL/DL
(uplink/downlink) delay).
• Scalable bandwidth up to 40MHZ,extendable to 100MHz.
• Downlink peak spectral efficiency (SE) of 15 bit/s/HZ.
• Uplink peak SE of 6.75 bit/s/HZ.
The evolution took many years

1G (First generation) 1980's Let us talk to each other on mobile phones

2G 1990's Let us send SMS and travel (roaming)

3G 2000's Introduced some mobile internet experience

4G 2010's Brought fast internet experience

5G 2020's Brings super-fast Internet and much more

5G
• 5G radio access technology will be a key component of the Networked
Society.
• It will address high traffic growth and increasing demand for high-
bandwidth connectivity.
• It will also support massive numbers of connected devices and meet the
real-time, high-reliability communication needs of mission-critical
applications.
• 5G will provide wireless connectivity for a wide range of new applications
and use cases, including wearables, smart homes, traffic safety/control,
critical infrastructure, industry processes and very-high-speed media
delivery
The Aim of 5G
• The overall aim of 5G is to provide ever-presentconnectivity for any kind of
device and any kind of application that may benefit from being connected.
• 5G networks will not be based on one specific radio-access technology.
• Rather, 5G is a large of access and connectivity solutions addressing the
demands and requirements of mobile communication beyond 2020.
• The specification of 5G will include the development of a new flexible air
interface,which will be directed to extreme mobile broadband deployments.
• NX will also target high-bandwidth and high-traffic-usage scenarios, as well
as new scenarios that involve mission-critical and realtime communications
with extreme requirements in terms of latency and reliability.
5G Roadmap
10 Pillars of 5G
• Evolution of Existing RATs.
• Hyperdense Small-cell Deployment.
• Self-Organising Network.
• Machine Type Communication.
• Developing Millimetre-Wave RATs.
• Redesigning Backhaul Links.
• Energy Efficiency.
• Allocation of New Spectrum for 5G.
• Spectrum sharing.
• RAN Virtualisation.
1.Evolution of Existing RATs
• The evolution of existing Radio Access Technologies (RATs) has seen
several generations, each bringing advancements in communication
technologies:
• 1G (First Generation): Analog cellular networks introduced in the 1980s,
enabling basic voice calls.
• 2G (Second Generation): Digital networks (GSM, CDMA) emerged in the
early 1990s, offering improved voice quality and the introduction of text
messaging.
• 3G (Third Generation): Introduced in the early 2000s, providing faster data
transfer, video calling, and mobile internet access.
• 4G (Fourth Generation): Deployed around 2010, offering significantly
faster data speeds, improved voice quality (VoLTE), and better support for
mobile internet and multimedia.
• 5G (Fifth Generation): The current generation, started rolling out in 2019,
brings ultra-fast data speeds, low latency, massive device connectivity, and
2. Hyperdense small-cell Deployment
• Hyper-dense small cell deployment refers to the strategic placement of a
large number of small cells in a concentrated area to enhance network
capacity and coverage, especially in high-traffic urban environments. Key
aspects include:
• Increased Capacity
• Enhanced Coverage
• Reduced Interference
• Lower Latency
• Improved User Experience
3. Self-Organising Network
• A Self-Organizing Network (SON) is an advanced mobile network
management technology designed to automate various tasks, optimize
performance, and enhance efficiency without direct human intervention.
Key aspects of SON include:
• Autonomous Configuration
• Self-Optimization
• Self-Healing
• Interference Management
• Load Balancing
• Energy Efficiency
4. Machine Type Communication
• Machine Type Communication (MTC) refers to the communication
between machines or devices without direct human intervention. It is a key
component of the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, facilitating the
exchange of data and information between various devices. Some key
aspects of MTC include:
• Device-to-Device Communication
• Massive Connectivity
• Low Power Consumption
• Narrowband IoT
• Wide Range of Applications
• Automation and Efficiency.
• Security Considerations.
• Low Latency
5.Developing Millimetre-Wave RATs.
• Developing millimeter-wave Radio Access Technologies (RATs) involves
exploring and advancing communication technologies that operate in the
millimeter-wave frequency spectrum, typically above 24 GHz. Key
considerations for developing millimeter-wave RATs include:
• Frequency Spectrum
• Propagation Characteristics
• Antenna Technology
• Small Cell Deployment
• Massive MIMO
• Interference Management
• Regulatory Compliance
• Integration with Existing Networks
• Security Measures
6. Redesigning Backhaul Links

• Redesigning backhaul links involves optimizing the communication

infrastructure that connects the core network to remote cell sites, enhancing
capacity, reliability, and overall performance. Key considerations for
backhaul link redesign include:
• Fiber Optic Deployment
• Microwave Links
• Millimeter-Wave Technology
• Multi-Gigabit Ethernet
• Software-Defined Networking
• Network Slicing
• Backhaul Security
• Capacity Planning
• Latency Reduction
• Redundancy and Reliability
7. Energy Efficiency
• Energy efficiency in the context of telecommunications, especially for 5G
networks, involves optimizing the use of energy resources to reduce environmental
impact and operational costs. Key strategies for enhancing energy efficiency
include:
• Network Equipment Efficiency
• Smart Sleep Modes
• Dynamic Power Scaling
• Renewable Energy Integration
• Advanced Cooling Systems
• Optimized Network Planning
• Energy Monitoring and Analytics
8. Allocation of New Spectrum for 5G
• The Allocation of new spectrum for 5G is a critical step in deploying
and expanding fifth-generation(5G) wireless networks. Governments
and regulatory bodies worldwide are involved in determining and
assigning spectrum bands for 5G services key aspects of the allocation
process:
• Identifying Frequency Bands
• Licensing
• Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
• Use of Unlicensed Bands
9.Spectrum sharing

• Regulatory process for new spectrum allocation is often very time

consuming, so the efficient use of available spectrum is always of critical
importance.
• Innovative spectrum allocation models (different from the traditional
licensed or unlicensed allocation) can be adopted to overcome the existing
regulatory limitations.
• Plenty of radio spectrum has traditionally been allocated for military radars
where the spectrum is not fully utilised all the time (24/7) or in the entire
geographic region.
• On the other hand, spectrum cleaning is very difficult as some spectrum can
never be cleaned or can only be cleaned over a very long time; beyond that,
the spectrum can be cleaned in some places but not in the entire nation.
• This kind of spectrum allocation model can compensate the very slow
process of spectrum cleaning.
10. RAN Virtualisation
• The last but not least critical enabler of 5G is the virtualisation of the RAN,
allowing sharing of wireless infrastructure among multiple operators.
• Network virtualisation needs to be pushed from the wired core network
(e.g. switches and routers) towards the RAN.
• The ‘Pervasive Connected World’ 11 virtualisation, the intelligence needs to
be taken out of the RAN hardware and controlled in a centralised manner
using a software brain, which can be done in different network layers.
• As well as easy maintenance and fast troubleshooting through increased
transparency of the network .
• Virtualisation can also serve to converge the wired and the wireless
networks by jointly managing the whole network from a central
orchestration unit, further enhancing the efficiency of the network.
5G Architecture
• The fifth generation mobile network is a new global wireless standard after 1G,
2G, 3G, and 4G networks delivering up to 20 Gigabits-per-second (Gbps) peak
data rates and 100+ Megabits-per-second (Mbps) average data rates.
• 5G will use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) encoding bonded
up to between 100 and 800 MHz channels.
• The evolution of the mobile world is not all that 5G is, therefore the breadth of 5G
extends beyond mobile communication to address all forms of communication
services.
• It is truly supporting the future of the digital world by enabling all types of
services, including critical/non-critical, voice/non-voice, and IoT.
• Promoting economic change across all sectors and utilizing all diverse technologies
( WiFi, 4G, and new radio technologies).
5G
Functions of 5G network:

• NRF(Network Repository Function)

• PCF (Policy Control Function)
• BSF (Binding Support Function)
• SCP (Service Communication Proxy)
• NSSF (Network Slicing Selection Function)
• UDM (Unified Data Management)& UDR (User Data Repository)
• AUSF (Authentication Server Function)
• NWDAF (Network Data Analytics Function)
Difference between 4G and 5G Network
Architecture:
4G Network 5G Network
• It has a maximum download speed • It has a maximum download speed
of 1 Gbps. of 2.5 Gbps.
• It has a maximum upload speed of • It has a maximum upload speed of
500 Mbps. 1.25Gbps.
• 4G network architecture uses • 5G network architecture will be
traditional RAN(radio access using C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access
network) which are complex and Network) for better and ultra-fast
requires costly infrastructure and internet.
has less/limited efficiency. • 5G is said to be using the
• 4G uses modulation techniques like Amplitude Phase-Shift Keying
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude technique.
modulation) and QPSK
(Quadrature Phase shift keying).