Unit- 6

Internet and Internet Services

 Introduction and History of Internet
• Introduction
The internet is a large system of inter-connected networks. This is the largest network of
the world. All the connected networks of government agencies, universities, corporate
houses, individuals use the same standards and protocols . It is able to support
communications using TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/ Internet Protocol) suite .
It allows communication, downloading software, collaboration among people, e-
commerce etc.
• History and Growth of Internet
It was introduced in the US defense department and universities at the first, which was
called ARPANET . Japan is the first country of Asia to introduce internet. In early days of
internet, it was not available for commercial purpose . It is made available to public
(commercially available) during 1980s.
The Internet Today
Based on data of 2022, there are more than five billion internet users in the world.
 Web and Emerging Technology
• History and Growth of Internet
The Internet Today
China is the leading country as internet users having more than one billion users,
India is the second whereas the U.S. is in the third position. There are more than ten
million (One crore) users in Nepal. Social media platform (Facebook, Twitter, Viber
etc.) is playing a vital role to increase the number of users everyday.
• The Internet Architecture
ISPs’ provide connection to internet. Nowadays, broadband links are available in the
market which supports data transmission rate in Mega bits per second speed
(Mbps). Lease line connections (T1 and T3) are dedicated connections from ISP to
subscriber which also support in Mbps range. This kind of connection is used by
government agencies or big organizations. However, ISPs are connected to global
network through backbone of satellite or Fiber links . Backbone providers are also
connected to one another, which constitute a backbone network .
 Web and Emerging Technology
• Managing the Internet
Who is regulating internet (vast computer network) ?
Many organizations, like IAB (internet architecture board) helps to define the overall
structure of internet. Similarly, ICAAN (The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers ) assigns IP address and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which
sets HTML and other standards for the web. These organizations influence
government agencies, network owners, ISPs and software developers with the goal
of keeping the internet operating as efficiently as possible.
.
 Web and Emerging Technology
• Connecting to Internet
Assessing the Internet (Internet Connection)
There are many ways to access (connect) internet. Some of them are explained
below .
i. Connect via LAN Server: This type of connection is suitable for offices or organizations
where multiple users can access internet through a single account.
ii. Cable Internet : Cable TV operators provide both TV channels and internet through the
same cable. This is suitable for home users
iii. Broadband Internet provided by ISP: ISPs provide both TV channels and Internet
service through fiber cable . This is the most common type of connections in Nepal for
home users.
 Web and Emerging Technology
• The Operation of Internet
TCP/IP and Packet Switching
The set of rules used to send and receive packets from one machine to another over
the Internet is known as the Internet Protocol (IP), which works at network layer of
OSI model . Other protocol are used in connection with IP, the best known of which
is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which operates at the transport layer of
OSI model . Combination of these two protocols is called TCP/IP suite .
The Internet, a packet switching network, breaks the each message into packets.
Each packet contains the sending and receiving machine, as well as sequencing
information about its location relative to other packets in the message . Each packet
can travel independently across the network interconnections .
 Web and Emerging Technology
• The Operation of Internet
TCP/IP and Packet Switching
The set of rules used to send and receive packets from one machine to another over
the Internet is known as the Internet Protocol (IP), which works at network layer of
OSI model . Other protocol are used in connection with IP, the best known of which
is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which operates at the transport layer of
OSI model . Combination of these two protocols is called TCP/IP suite .
The Internet, a packet switching network, breaks the each message into packets.
Each packet contains the sending and receiving machine, as well as sequencing
information about its location relative to other packets in the message . Each packet
can travel independently across the network interconnections .
Address on the Internet and Domain Name
Every computer connected with internet is assigned a unique Internet Protocol (IP)
address. It is 32 or 128 bit number represented by four strings of number separated
by period.
 Web and Emerging Technology
• The Operation of Internet
Address on the Internet and Domain Name
IP address is converted with English like words (may be name of the organization is
given). This is done for users convenience. As for example, it is much comfortable to
remember Google than 142.168.100.1 There is standard and unique system to
convert IP address with such English like words. This naming system is called Domain
Name System (DNS) . Similar is the case for websites of your college.
DNS has a hierarchical structure. Root domain are the at the highest level. Top level
domain are just below root domain. Similarly, second level, third level exists
accordingly. When a request is sent by user to access any domain, it is enrooted to
its higher level one after another till the request reaches to root domain. Most
common extensions available for domain names are listed below
 Web and Emerging Technology
• The Operation of Internet
Address on the Internet and
Domain Name
.com (commercial organization)
.edu (Educational institutions)
.gov (Government)
.net (Network companies)
.org (Non profit organizations)
 Web and Emerging Technology
• The Future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2
Present 32 bit IP addressing system (IPv4) is not enough to meet the increasing
demand of internet users. New version of IP addressing that is IP version 6 (IPv6) in
under way to launch (already in use). This IPv6 will support 128 bit IP addressing
system.
Similarly, Internt2 and NGI (Next Generation Internet) are consortia representing
more than 200 universities, private business and government agencies in the U.S.
working together on a new, robust, high bandwidth of internet to meet the future
demand of very high speed internet.
 Web and Emerging Technology
• The World Wide Web (WWW)
World Wide Web (also called Web) is an application which helps users to retrieve the web
pages through internet connections. Many people think Internet and Web (WWW) are the
same thing, which is not true. Internet is the transport mechanism, whereas WWW uses this
transport mechanism to retrieve, store, format web pages.
The web handles all kinds of digital information, including text, hypermedia, sound, graphics,
and video . The web is based on a standard hypertext language called hypertext markup
language (HTML), which formats documents and incorporates dynamic hypertext links to
other documents stored on the same or different computers .
To access the web site, the user must specify a uniform resource locator (URL), which points
to the address of a specific resource on the web . For example: https://www.lacm.edu.np.
HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transport Protocol over Secured layer, which is the
communication standard used to transfer pages . HTTP defines how message are formatted
and transmitted and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to
various command .
 Web and Emerging Technology
• The World Wide Web (WWW)
Browsers : Users primarily access the web through software applications called browsers or
web browsers . Example: Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox etc. Earlier, a
browser was capable of communicating via HTTP, managing HTML and displaying certain data
types , such as GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) and JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts
Groups) . Nowadays, video, audio, graphics pages are easily handled by browsers.

Search Engine
Search engine is the most popular function of Web. Almost, all internet users use search
engine to find out the information of their need . Google Search engine is the most powerful
and popular engine. Search Engines select a large number of web sites to be indexed . Their
database are populated with information about the contents of each page deemed results .
 Internet Services and Communication Tools
Internet Services and Communication Tools
The Internet is based on client/server network model. Individuals using the Internet acts as a client and seeks
information from the servers (web server, mail server etc) where information are stored. Users PC, cell phone
etc serves as a client.
Internet Services
A number of services are provided by Internet, which are explained below
E-mail: To send and receive messages.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It is used to transfer (upload/ download) a file from one location to another
location.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP is used to transfer web pages from one location to another location
over the Internet
Instant messaging: To send and receive message instantly. A closed group can be created for group
conversation.
Newsgroup: Users post their views, ideas, knowledge and opinions there to collaborate with others.
Telnet: Users can access to the remote computer from own computer using Telnet
World Wide Web: Retrieve, format, display using hypertext links
HTTP Vs FTP
HTTP Vs FTP
 Emerging Trends in Technology

Evolution of E-Governance, Its Scope and Content

• Chile was the first country to implement e-governance
• In 1990, the U.S. vice president Mr. Al Gore envisioned the concept of
information super highway. It is mainly related with the infrastructure of
information and communication technology (ICT).
• All the countries around the world follow the concept.
• However, private sector is always ahead of government to exploit the benefits of
ICT
• In early days, cost of setting up ICT infrastructure (hardware, software, internet)
was quite high
• Nevertheless, private sectors confronted with the situation to fulfill the ICT need
 Emerging Trends in Technology
E-Governance
• E-Governance is a form of e-business. It comprises of processes and
structures involved in deliverance of electronic services to the public.
• It also involves collaborating with business partners of the
government by conducting electronic transactions with them.
• Besides, it entails enabling the general public to interact with
government, through electronic means, for getting desired services.
 Emerging Trends in Technology
In other words, E-governance means application of electronic
means in the interaction between
i. Government and Citizen (G2C)
ii. Citizen to Government (C2G)
iii. Government and Business (G2B)
iv. Business and Government (B2G)
v. Government to Government (G2G)
Example: Online registration for PAN, Online Registration for
National ID Card, Online tax payment, Online driving
license form filling
 Emerging Trends in Technology
• The ultimate aim of E-governance is to simplify and improve governance and
enables people’s participation in governance through mail, internet.
• It is much more than just preparing some websites . At it’s simplest level, it
disseminates information through plain website to services and online
transaction.
• E-governance implies e-democracy, wherein all forms of transaction between
the electorate (i.e. general public) and the elected (i.e. government) are
performed electronically .
• E-government, as distinguished from e-governance, comprises an application
and usage of the most innovative technologies in computer and
communication, including internet, for delivering efficient and cost effective
services, information to the citizens being governed
 Emerging Trends in Technology
• Slogan (Goals) for E-governance of the states around the world: The SMART
government, SMART city, SMART village etc. In Nepal “Paperless Government” by
using ICT (Information and Communication Technology)
• It is difficult to achieve, though it sounds high/good
• Nevertheless, restless efforts are there to achieve the goals.
Emerging Trends in Technology
SMART Goals/Stands for

Specific

Measura
Timely ble
SMART
Goals

Achieva
Relevant
ble
Traditional Commerce

• Traditional Commerce:

Commerce refers to all the activities related with selling buying and promoting. There are
three dimensions of such activities.
• Product or Service

• Process and

• Delivery Agent

In traditional commerce all these dimensions are physical. Example: Visiting a store
(Shop) physically by a customer to buy something and pay by cash
E- Commerce

• E-Commerce:

In Generic Term E- Commerce refers to all the activities related with

selling and buying are executed digitally through internet. These
activities include order placement from customer, delivery of goods
and service, invoice making, payment collection, customer support.
 E- Commerce
• E- Commerce:
E- Commerce refers to the use of the Internet and the Web to transact business . More formally, e-commerce is

about digitally enabled commercial transactions between and among organizations and individuals. For the most

part, this means transactions that occur over the internet and the Web. Commercial transactions involve exchange

of money (e.g., money) across organizational or individual beyond the boundaries in return for products and

services. Besides, promotional activities (advertisement) of the product or service over the web, social media

collaboration to support the business, execution of other business process are also part of e- commerce.

Example: Online Sales of goods: Ordering Pizza through online system for home delivery, Purchasing of air

ticket through online reservation/ booking systems, selling of books and software through online systems.
 How E-Commerce Differs from Traditional
Commerce
Parameter E-Commerce Traditional Commerce
Store Location Online Store (Internet Based) Physically Located Somewhere
Store Opening Hour Always Open Open for fixed hour (Generally from
morning to evening)
Customer behavior Customers more active to find the Sellers explain abut product
information of product
Price competition High Comparatively Low
Use of Information Technology Based on Information Technology Not necessary
Business Decision making Fast Slow
process
Geographic coverage of Market Expanded Limited to a particular area
 E- Commerce
History and Growth of E-Commerce:
• E-Commerce began in 1995 when one of the first Internet Portal, Netscape.com, accepted the first ads
from a corporation, and popularized the idea that web could be used as a new medium for advertising
and sales. No one envisioned at the time what would turn out to be an exponential growth curve for e-
commerce retail sales, which tripled and doubled in early years.
• In the same year (In 1995), Amazon got the first order of a book through online.

• Around 20 years later, the e-commerce industry has made over 2 trillion US dollars in sales worldwide.
There’s no looking back now.
• There is more than 15% market growth in recent years, and it is estimated to be above 25% in coming
years.
 E- Commerce
In Billions
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
 E- Commerce
Service (Pure)
Versus
Product (Partial)
E- Commerce
 E- Commerce
Service Versus Product E-Commerce (Pure Versus Partial E – Commerce)
There could be number of activities to complete a business deal. Like- order placement, shipment (dispatch)
of ordered item, invoice making, collection of payment etc.

In case of Service (Pure) E- Commerce business model, all these activities are executed though online
systems and no physical involvement is there. Example: Purchasing of e - book, purchasing license of a
software through online, purchasing air tickets through online systems, online training etc.

However, it is not possible to do all electronically in all cases. Like: Ordering Pizza, we order Pizza through
online system, we may pay through online payment systems but the Pizza has to be delivered physically to our

place. This model of E-Commerce is called Product (Partial) e- commerce.

 E- Commerce Terminologies
• E- Business (Electronic Business)

E-Business refers to use of digital technology and internet to execute major business function/ processes in
the enterprise. Example: Online collection of CVS, interview conduction, selection, placement of selected
candidates. Here all the activities relating to recruitment are executed digitally. Similarly, other business
functions are also executed digitally with the help of internet.

• E- Government:

Government also delivers service digitally to the public with the help of internet. It executes its functions
through online based systems. This is called E- Government. Like: Tax payers fill up their payable tax
amount online, pay it through online banking system. Here, tax payment process is completely done
through online system. Similarly, other functions are also executed through system by the government
E- Commerce
Features of E-Commerce
Why E-Commerce? (Features of E-Commerce)
What makes E- Commerce so popular: (Why E – Commerce is Different)
There are some inherent features which make E- Commerce so popular

1. Ubiquity (Available Everywhere): It is possible to do business transactions from everywhere.

Customer can order from his place. There is no need to reach seller’s store physically. So, this is the
most comfortable way for buying/ ordering something. Example: Someone (living outside Nepal)
can buy through online buying (ordering goods from Nepalese Stores, like Muncha House etc) and
deliver it to their family (living in Nepal) . Transfer of money in bank accounts from any place.

2. Global Reach: Marketplace is extended beyond the traditional boundaries. Besides, E-Commerce
permits commercial transactions to cross cultural and beyond national boundaries also. Therefore
market size of E- Commerce is very large..
 E- Commerce
Features of E-Commerce
What makes E- Commerce so popular: (Why E – Commerce is Different)
3. Universal Standards: Internet and web are the back bone of E – Commerce. All the technical standards
for Internet and Web are the same throughout the world. Therefore, buyer and sellers do not need to bother
about technical constraints/ barriers as in the case of television and radio transmission.

4. Richness: In traditional commerce, there was a trade – off between reach and richness. Multimedia (Text,
Audio, Video ) content provides all information about the product precisely. It helps the customer to
understand all information about product. All the information about the product and services reach to the
large number of audience through internet and web.

5. Two way interaction possible (Interactivity) : With the advent of Web 2.0 tools, it is possible to
interact with the customer. Both, the parties (buying and selling) feel as they are engaged in face to face
dealing.
 E- Commerce
Features of E-Commerce
What makes E- Commerce so popular: (Why E – Commerce is Different)
6. Visual Display of Item: Latest Technology enables the online visual display of the items. So, customer
can select with the options available in different products.

7. Reliable Rate of Items (Transparency in price: Information density): Sellers mention the rate along
with their products. This rate is same for everyone. Hence, reliable rate is available to the customers .

8. Personalization and Customization: Information about the choices of products and services for a
particular customer are stored in the central repository system when dealing business with him first time.
This helps the marketing to influence him/her by sending personalize message about the products as per
his choice through email etc. Similarly, customized products are also offered depending on his preference
and choice.
E- Commerce
Features of E-Commerce
What makes E- Commerce so popular:
9. Social Technological Allows to Do Marketing Through Social Media Platform: A large number
of people interact and share information in social media platform. People seek information about the
product in their group when they need it. A number of responses rush into from the members of the
group immediately. This makes a big difference in the way business transacts nowadays. We can just
imagine the shift in purchasing behavior of the society. All these become possible due to
technology . And, E- Commerce enables the business to access those customers through its customer
intimacy feature and social media marketing.
E- Commerce
Features of E-Commerce
 E- Commerce
Benefit of E - Commerce

Benefit to Organization

Global Reach: Customers and partners are connected to business from everywhere.

Efficiency: Customer orders are responded/ fulfilled efficiently

Lower Inventory: Inventory can be maintained at minimum level.

Business always open: Operation of business is possible in 24x7x365 mode

Procurement Efficiency: with implementation of supply chain management system (SCM), procurement of goods
from suppliers are done efficiently

Good customer Relation: with implementation of customer relationship management system (CRM), customer
relationship gets strengthened
E- Commerce
Benefit of E - Commerce

Benefit to customer

Ubiquity: Customers can order anytime from anyplace

Real Time Procurement: Delivery products like e-book is possible in real time

Cheapest price: Goods and service is available in the most competitive price

No travelling harassment : On site delivery makes it possible

No exposure to pollution and all: As customer do not need to go outside to purchase. Goods and
service are delivered on site.
 E- Commerce
Benefit of E - Commerce

Benefit to society

Reduction in Pollution: Less vehicle movement reduces pollution

Improves Security: Less movement of people from their location enhances security to the place

Improved public hygiene: Less crowd in the market improves public hygiene and control of
communicable disease transmission
 E- Commerce
Limitation of E – Commerce
In spite of benefits, there are many challenges which always hinders online business. In other words there are
disadvantages also. There are two types of disadvantages:

Non-Technical Disadvantages:
Initial cost is high
Burden of internet cost
Users are still reluctant to use online systems to buy
Lack of touch and feel of the product
Legal issues are always there
Payment gateway for the countries like Nepal, international credit card is not possible for general
public

Technical Disadvantage:
Risk of hacking (System security)
Technology or software tools are rapidly changing which forces to upgrade the system frequently
 Smart City
A smart city is an intelligent city that integrates digital technologies into its
networks, services and infrastructure making it more efficient and livable for the
benefit of its inhabitants and bu siness .
 Smart urban transportation networks
 Upgraded water supply and waste disposal facilities
 More efficient ways to light and heat buildings
 More interactive and responsive city administration
 Safer public spaces
In other words, a smart and sustainable city uses information and
communication technologies (ICTs) to improve quality of life, efficiency and
competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future
generations
 Smart City
The benefits of a Smart City technology include:
 Enhanced quality of life for the city’s inhabitants
 Cleaner air
 Less pollution
 Savings on energy bills
 A reduced carbon footprint for the urban area city as a whole, which makes it more sustainable and
resilient
• Economic development
 Censorship and Privacy Issues
Providing internet to the employees may cause misuse of internet . Children may
access the harmful content in the internet. Just blocking the internet access is not
good solution, today. Therefore, controlling of misuse by some means could be the
good solution. Censorship is one of the such solutions.
Censorship is the act of filtering and blocking content to monitoring and penalizing
users who access certain content in the internet . The following is a list of the most
common internet censorship technologies:
• DNS Tempering: It is the process of deregistering a domain that is hosting nefarious
content . This makes the site invisible to the browsers of users seeking to access the site
because it prevents the translation of domain names to site IP address.