hilippines of Rizal’s Time

Instability of Colonial Administration

Corrupt officialdom
No Philippine representation in the Spanish

Human rights denied

No equality before the law
Philippines of Rizal’s Time
Maladministration of justice
Racial discrimination
Frailocracy
Forced labor
Haciendas owned by the friars
The guardia civil
1. Splendor
2. Memoir
3. Valiant
4. Confidant
5. Sagacious
6. Affluence
1. Splendor – things that are very beautiful or
impressive.

2. Memoir – a written account of someone or

something that is usually based on
personal knowledge of the subject.
3. Valiant – having or showing courage: very
brave or courageous.

4. Confidant – a trusted friend you can talk to

about personal and private things.

5. Sagacious – having or showing an ability

to understand difficult ideas and
situations and to make good decisions.
6.Affluence – wealth or abundance of
property.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal

✔ is a unique example of a many-splendored

genius who became the greatest hero of a
nation.

✔ Endowed by God with versatile gifts, he truly

ranked with the world’s geniuses.
He was a:
▪ Physician (ophthalmic surgeon), poet,
dramatist, essayist, novelist, historian,
architect, painter, sculptor, educator,
linguist, musician, naturalist, ethnologist,
surveyor, engineer, farmer businessman,
economist, geographer, cartographer,
bibliophile, philologist, grammarian,
folklorist, philosopher, translator, inventor,
magician, humorist, satirist(comedian),
polemicist(orator), sportsman, traveler,
and prophet.
 Above and beyond all these, he was a
hero and political martyr who consecrated
his life for the redemption of his oppressed
people.

No wonder, he is now acclaimed as the

national hero of the Philippines.
 Jose Rizal was born on the moonlight
night of Wednesday, June 19, 1861, in the
lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna Provice,
Philippines.

His mother almost died during the

delivery because of his big head.
 As he recounted many years later in his
student memoirs:

“I was born in Calamba on 19 June, 1861,

between eleven and midnight, a few days
before full moon. It was a Wednesday and my
coming out in this vale of tears would have
cost my mother her life had she not vowed to
the virgin of Antipolo to take me to her
sanctuary by way of pilgrimage.”
 He was baptized in the Catholic church
of his town on June 22, aged three days old,
by the parish priest, Father Rufino
Collantes, who was a Batangueño.

Father Pedro Casanas – his godfather

(ninong), native of Calamba and close friend
of the Rizal family.

His name “Jose” was chosen by his mother

who was a devoted of the Christian saint San
Jose (St. Joseph).
 Jose Rizal was the seventh of the eleven
children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and
Teodora Alonso Realonda.
 was born in Biñan, Laguna, on May 11,
1818. He studied Latin and Philosophy at
the College of San Jose in Manila.

⦿ In early manhood, following his

parent’s death, he moved to Calamba and
became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-
owned hacienda.
⦿ He was a hardy and independent-
minded man, who talked less and worked
more, and was strong in body and valiant in
spirit.

⦿ He died in Manila on January 5, 1898,

at the age of 80. In his student memoirs,
Rizal affectionately call him “ a model of
fathers”.
 the hero’s mother, was born in Manila on
November 8, 1826 and was educated at the
College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college
for girls in the city.
Rizal lovingly said of her:
“My mother is a woman of more than ordinary
culture; she knows literature and speaks
Spanish better than I. She corrected my
poems and gave me good advice when I was
studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician
and has read many books”.
Doña Teodora - died in Manila on
August 16, 1911, at the age of 85.
Shortly before her death, the Philippine
government offered her a life pension.

She courteously rejected it saying,

“ My family has never been patriotic for
money. If the government has plenty of
funds and does not know what to do with
them, better reduce the taxes.”

Such remarks truly befitted her as a

worthy mother of a national hero.
 God blessed the marriage of Francisco Mercado Rizal and
Teodora Alonso Realonda with eleven children – two boys and nine
girls.
1. Saturnina (1850-
1913)
2. Paciano (1851-
1930)
3. Narcisa (1852-
1939)
4. Olimpia (1855-
2887)
5. Lucia (1857-1919)
6. Maria (1859-1945)
7. Jose (1861-1945)
8. Concepcion (1862-
1865)
9. Josefa (1865-1945)
10. Trinidad (1868-1951)
11. Soledad (1870-1929)
1. Saturnina (1850-1913) - oldest of the
Rizal children, nicknamed
Neneng; she married Manuel
T. Hidalgo of Tanawan,
Batangas.
2. Paciano (1851-1930) – older
brother and confidant of Jose
Rizal; after his younger brother’s
execution, he joined the
Philippine Revolution and
became a combat general; after
the Revolution, he retired to his
farm in Los Baños, where he
lived as a gentleman farmer and
died on April 13, 1930, an old
bachelor aged 79.
He had two children by his
mistress (Severina Decena) – a boy
and a girl.
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) – her pet name
was Sisa and she married
Antonio Lopez (nephew of
Father Leoncio Lopez), a
school teacher of Moring.

4. Olimpia (1855-1887) – Ypia was her pet

name; she married Silvestre Ubaldo, a
telegraph operator from Manila.
5. Lucia (1857-1919) – She married
Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who
was a nephew of Father Casanas.
Herbosa died of cholera in 1889
and was denied Christian burial
because he was a brother-in-law
of Dr. Rizal.

6. Maria (1859-1945) – Biang was her

nickname; she married Daniel
Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
7. Jose (1861-1896) – the greatest Filipino
hero and peerless genius; his
nickname was Pepe; during his
exile in Dapitan he lived with
Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from
Hong Kong; he had a son by her,
but this baby-boy died a few hours
after birth; Rizal named him
“Francisco” after his father and
buried him in Dapitan.
8. Concepcion (1862-1865) – her pet name
was Concha; she died of
sickness at the age of 3; her
death was Rizal’s first
sorrow in life.

9. Josefa (1865-1945) – her pet name was

Panggo; she died also an old maid at the
age of 80.
10.Trinidad (1868-1951) – Trining was her
pet name; she died also an
old maid in 1951 aged 83.

11.Soledad (1870-1929) – youngest of the

Rizal children; her pet name was
Choleng; she married Pantaleon
Quintero of Calamba.
⦿ who was ten years his senior, was
more than that of younger to older brother.

⦿Paciano was a second father to him.

Throughout his life, Rizal respected him and
greatly valued his sagacious advice.

⦿He immortalized him in his first novel

Noli Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopo
Tasio.
⦿ As a typical Filipino, Rizal was a product
of the mixture of races.
⦿In his veins flowed the blood of both
East
and West –
⮚ Negrito
⮚ Indonesian
⮚ Malay
⮚ Chinese
⮚ Japanese
⮚ And Spanish.
❑ Domingo Laméo – Rizal’s great-great
grand-father on his father’s
side, a Chinese immigrant
from the Fukien City of
❑ Changchow.
Ines de la Rosa – Chinese Christian girl
of Manila the surname
Mercado which was
appropriate for him because
he was a merchant. Rizal’s
great-great grand-mother on
his father’s side.
❖ Francisco Mercado – who resided in Biñan,
married a Chinese-Filipino
mestiza, Cirila Bernacha,
and was elected
gobernadorcillo (municipal
mayor) of the town.
❖ One of their sons,
❑ Juan Mercado (Rizal’s grandfather) –
married Cirila Alejandro, a
Chinese-filipino mestiza.
Like his father, he was
elected gobernadorcillo of Biñan.
⦿ the youngest being Francisco Mercado,
Rizal’s Father.

❑ At the age of eight, Francisco

Mercado lost his father and grew up to
manhood under the care of his mother.
❑ He studied Latin and Philosophy in
the College of San Jose in Manila. While
studying in Manila, he met and fell in love
with Teodora Alonso Realonda, a
student in the College of Santa Rosa.
⮚ It is said that her family descended from
Lakan-Dula, the last native king of Tondo.

⮚ Her great-grandfather (Rizal’s maternal

great-great-grandfather) was Eugenio
Ursua (of Japanese ancestry), - who
married a
Filipina named
Benigna (surname
unknown).
⮚ Their daughter, Regina, married Manuel de
Quintos, a Filipino-Chinese lawyer from
Pangasinan.

⮚ One of the daughters of Attorney Quintos

and Regina was Brigida, who married
Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, a prominent
Spanish-Filipino mestizo of Biñan.

⮚ Their children were Narcisa, Teodora

(Rizal’s mother), Gregorio, Manuel, and
Jose.
⦿ The real surname of the Rizal family
was Mercado, which was adopted in
1731 by Domingo Lamco (the paternal
great-great- grandfather of Rizal), who
was full-blooded Chinese.

⦿Rizal’s family acquired a second surname –

Rizal – which was given by a Spanish alcalde
mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna,
who was a family friend.
⦿ Thus, said Dr. Rizal, in his letter to
Blumentritt:

“I am the only Rizal because at home my

parents, my sisters, my brother, and my
relatives have always preferred our old
surname Mercado. Our family name was in
fact Mercado, but there were many
Mercados in the Philippines who are not
related to us. It is said that alcalde mayor,
who was a friend of our family added Rizal
to our name. My family did not pay much
attention to this, but now I have to use it. In
this way, it seems that I am an illegitimate
son.”
⦿The house of the Rizal Family, where the
hero was born, was one of the distinguished
stone houses in Calamba during Spanish
times.
⦿ The Rizal family belonged to the
principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish
Philippines. It was one of the
distinguised families in Calamba.
⦿As evidence of their affluence, Rizal’s
parents were able to build a large stone
house which was situated near the
town church and to buy another one.
⦿ The Rizal family had a simple,
contented, and happy life. In consonance
with Filipino custom, family ties among
the Rizals were intimately close.

⦿Don Francisco and Doña Teodora loved

their children, but they never spoiled them.
Whenever the children, including Jose
Rizal, got into mischief, they were given a
sound spanking . Evidently, they believed in
the maxim: “Spare the rod and spoil the
child.”
⦿ Life was not, however, all prayers
and church services for the Rizal children.
They were given ample time and freedom
to play by their strict and religious
parents. They played merrily in the
azotea or in the garden by themselves.
The older ones were allowed to play with
the children of other families.