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Introduction To Structured Query Language SQL

This document provides an introduction to the Structured Query Language (SQL) including data definition language, data manipulation language, data control language, primary keys, joins, subqueries, and aggregate functions.

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Ijaz Ahmad
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views

Introduction To Structured Query Language SQL

This document provides an introduction to the Structured Query Language (SQL) including data definition language, data manipulation language, data control language, primary keys, joins, subqueries, and aggregate functions.

Uploaded by

Ijaz Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Structured

Query Language (SQL)


Structured Query Language (SQL) is a programming language used to manage and
manipulate data stored in relational databases. In this presentation, we’ll explore
the basics of SQL along with some advanced features.

by Ijaz Ahmad
DDL (Data Definition Language)

1 CREATE TABLE

Constructs a new table in a database

DROP TABLE 2
Removes a table and its data from a
database 3 ALTER TABLE

Modifies the structure of a table in a


TRUNCATE TABLE 4 database

Deletes all rows from a table while


keeping its structure
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
SELECT INSERT

Retrieves data from a database Adds data to a table in a database

UPDATE DELETE

Modifies data in a database Removes data from a database


Data Control Language

GRANT DENY REVOKE

Gives users permission to access Denies users permission to Removes users' permission to
and manipulate data access data access data
Primary Keys
A primary key is a column, or combination of columns, used to uniquely identify each row in a table. By default,
primary keys are used to create a clustered index.

Student ID First Name Last Name Email

101 Jane Doe jane.doe@email.com

102 John Smith john.smith@email.c


om
Joins
In SQL, a JOIN operation combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them.
Understanding how to use joins effectively is essential for complex queries.

Inner Join Left Join Right Join

Returns only the matching rows Returns all the matching rows Returns all the matching rows
from both tables from both tables, plus all from both tables, plus all
unmatched rows from the left unmatched rows from the right
table table
Subqueries
A subquery is a nested query that is executed within the context of another query. Subqueries can be used to
filter, sort, and aggregate data in various ways.

1 Single-Row 2 Multiple-Row 3 Inline View


Subquery Subquery Subquery

Returns only one row Returns multiple rows Returns a table that can
be used in another query
Aggregate Functions

1 SUM

Returns the sum of values in a column

2 AVG

Returns the average of values in a column

3 MIN

Returns the minimum value in a column

4 MAX

Returns the maximum value in a column

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