CHP 11 Socioecnomic Factors 1

SOCIOECNOMIC
FACTORS
CHAPTER 11
DR HASSAN TAHA
SPENDING
Two contrasting perspectives,
Liberal
• Liberals attribute social issues to the economy's failure

TYPES OF to provide adequate income opportunities, particularly
for lower socioeconomic class males, advocating
SOCIETAL increased government intervention through social
programs and budget allocations
PROBLEMS
Conservative.
• Breakdown of traditional family values

• New government policies as exacerbating factors.
• Illegitimate births, single-parent families, and divorce,
leading to the "feminization of poverty" and negative
outcomes for children..
AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES
• In the United States, by the end of 1999, nearly 725,000 cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control
(CDC), with 400,000 resulting in death
• KNOWN CAUSES
• Homosexual or bisexual males
• Intravenous drug users
• Haemophiliacs
• Blood transfusion recipients
• Perinatally-infected children
• Heterosexual transmission cases have not risen as predicted
• Drug users, highlighting the challenge of changing their risky behaviors.
• African Americans, Latinos, and other
minorities
RISK TO THE • Drug therapy priced at thousands of

POPULATION dollars per year per person, placing a
significant burden on healthcare.
• TUBERCULOSIS
IMPACT
THROUGHO
UT THE
WORLD
DRUG ABUSE
1 in 100 Americans are regular users of

The monthly use of hallucinogens also
cocaine, drug use among those aged 12 to
surged between 1990 and 1998, primarily
17 increased to 10.9%, reaching its highest
among individuals under 26 years old. The
level since 1988 for those aged 18 to 25.
highest rate of illicit drug use is observed
Marijuana use doubled from 1992 to 1996,
among young adults aged 18 to 20, with
with nearly 5% of the population aged 12
rates exceeding 20%. Despite the overall
and older using it regularly. Additionally, an
decrease in drug use, it remains a significant
estimated 1.5 million Americans were
problem in the United States.
current cocaine users in 1999.
• The popularity of cocaine stems from the
misconception that it is nonaddictive and
harmless
HEALTHCARE • Widespread use and impact started in

IMPLICATIONS hospital emergency rooms.
OF COCAINE • Serious coronary risks associated with

USE cocaine use emerged in 1995, with studies
indicating significant health risks even with
occasional use. Cocaine consumption
elevates heart rate, blood pressure, and
myocardial oxygen demand, leading to
cardiovascular complications such as
coronary thrombosis, spasms,
arrhythmias, and aortic rupture.
• Cocaine use, historically prevalent among middle-class
males, has now expanded to include at least 2 million
women
• Cocaine exposure in utero leads to below-average

COCAINE & birthweights and increases the risk of congenital
malformations, particularly serious gastrointestinal issues
PREGNANC and below-average head circumferences, resulting in
elevated rates of mental retardation.
Y
• Cocaine exposure continues post-birth through breast milk,
with the drug remaining present for up to 60 hours after
administration. Even occasional maternal cocaine use can
result in hypertension, rapid heartbeat, sweating, excessive
pupil dilation, and asphyxiation in infants.
• Moreover, cocaine-exposed infants face heightened risks of

stroke and sudden infant death syndrome.
• 60% of healthcare expenses directed
towards treating substance abuse associated
health issues such as heart diseases,
cancers, accidents, and birth defects.
• Estimated at $110 billion annually in 1995,
encompassing direct and indirect expenses
like healthcare, lost productivity, and
crime.
COCAINE COST • "COCAINE BABIES." Maternal drug use
TO SOCIETY detection is challenging, as routine drug
screening is not universal, and cocaine may
not be detectable in urine tests until 48 hours
after administration. Cocaine-exposed infants
often require 4 to 6 weeks of intensive care
after birth, with hospital bills for extremely
low birthweight babies exceeding $100,000.
The total cost of intensive care alone for
drug-exposed babies is estimated to surpass
$10.5 billion.
INTERVENTION OPTIONS
Legalization and taxation of currently To inform public policy discussions,

illegal drugs, aiming to reduce crime economics must examine the cost of
rates by removing drug-related offenses illness and assess the effectiveness of
from the legal code. Advocates suggest various intervention programs in
this approach could curb criminal reducing costs and enhancing the
activity, while opponents argue it may quality of life for those affected by drug
not transform drug-dependent abuse. Achieving optimal resource
individuals into productive members of allocation demands careful analysis of
society. these complex issues.
TOBACCO & ALCOHOL ABUSE
• Over 100,000 deaths attributed to alcohol abuse annually, along with 400,000 deaths yearly
due to tobacco use, totaling half a million premature deaths annually.
• While tobacco use has declined overall in the United States, there's a concerning rise in
prevalence among high school students, with 34.8% identifying as current users in 1999.
• Despite women generally smoking less than men, over 500,000 women worldwide die
annually from smoking-related illnesses, with projections suggesting over 1 million annual
female deaths from smoking-related illnesses in the developed world alone by middle age.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Substance Sexual
Violence
abuse promiscuity
Sexually
Teen
transmitted Homelessness
pregnancy
diseases
•
Violent crimes in the United States decreased by over 25%
from 1992 to 1999, totaling 1,430,693 incidents in 1999,
including
• Murders,
• Rapes
• Aggravated assaults.
VIOLENCE • Death rates vary significantly by ethnic group, with
homicide being the leading cause of death for black males
aged 15 to 24.
• Domestic violence, a pervasive issue affecting poor inner-
city neighborhoods, is a major concern, with assault by
male partners being the primary cause of emergency
department visits for women.
• Teen pregnancy and illegitimacy often
reflect maternal behavior and attitudes
toward pregnancy, with teen mothers more
likely to receive
• inadequate prenatal care
• smoke cigarettes
• experience low birthweights
TEEN • preterm births.
PREGNANCY • the proportion of births to unmarried
teenagers has risen significantly. Limited
access to prenatal care due to financial
constraints may not be the primary cause
of low birthweights, as evidenced by
disparities in prenatal care utilization
among racial groups. Low birthweights
lead to longer hospital stays and increased
newborn care costs.
•
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are pervasive in the
United States, with approximately 65 million Americans
infected, mostly with genital herpes.
• Syphilis
• Gonorrhea
• Genital herpes
• Chlamydia (can result in pelvic inflammatory disease ) PID
STD • Human papillomavirus (HPV) can lead to cervical, penile,
and anal cancer.
• The efficacy of condom use in preventing STD
transmission remains a subject of debate, with concerns
about promoting risky sexual behaviour.
• As a result, STD infection rates among adolescents remain
high, underscoring the urgent need for effective prevention
strategies.
•
The homeless population in the United States, estimated
between 250,000 and 3 million, faces significant challenges
related to
• social, physical and mental health problems
HOMELESSNE • crimes
SS • alcohol, and drug issues.
• severe depression, suicide, and psychotic symptoms
• isolation from family due to various factors like divorce or
widowhood.
THANKS

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SOCIOECNOMIC

• Liberals attribute social issues to the economy's failure

• Breakdown of traditional family values

RISK TO THE • Drug therapy priced at thousands of

1 in 100 Americans are regular users of

HEALTHCARE • Widespread use and impact started in

OF COCAINE • Serious coronary risks associated with

• Cocaine exposure in utero leads to below-average

• Moreover, cocaine-exposed infants face heightened risks of

Legalization and taxation of currently To inform public policy discussions,

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