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QUARTER 2
Week 6
IN CHEMISTRY THE TERM ORGANIC
DESCRIBES CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
THAT CONTAIN CARBON AND OTHER
ELEMENTS SUCH AS HYDROGEN,
OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR AND
PHOSPHORUS.
Propane has four major consumer uses:
In homes, for space heating and water
heating; for cooking; for drying clothes;
and for fueling gas fireplaces, barbecue
grills, and backup electrical generators
Organic Compounds
LEARNING COMPENTENCY:
1. Describe the different functional groups
(STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-87);
2. Describe structural isomerism and give
examples (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-89);
3. Describe some simple reactions of organic
compounds: combustion of organic fuels,
addition, condensation, and saponification of
fats (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-90);
4. Describe the preparation of selected
organic compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-97)
 LESSON 1: HYDROCARBONS AND
FUNCTIONAL GROUP

There are two major classes of organic

compounds :
1.Hydrocarbons
2.Substituted hydrocarbons
1. Hydrocarbons- are organic compounds
that make up chiefly of carbon and
hydrogen.
2. Substituted hydrocarbons- are those hydrocarbons
in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by
another or group of atoms.
-The group of atoms which replaces hydrogen in a
substituted hydrocarbons is called functional group.
HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons-A hydrocarbon is a
compound composed of only carbon and
hydrogen atoms and is considered as one
of the major groups of organic
compounds. Based on structure,
hydrocarbons are divided into two main
classes—aliphatic (those that do not
contain a benzene ring) and aromatic
(those that contain a benzene ring).
 HYDROCARBONS

ALIPHATIC AROMATIC

ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES

BENZENE
NOMENCLATURE
Identify the Parent Chain
-The base part of the name reflects the
number of carbons.
CH3-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH3
Determine the Substituent
-Substituent is a group that is attached
to the parent chain.
-Locate at what carbon it is attached.
Identify Functional Group

-For hydrocarbon, check for the kind of

bond present.
NOMENCLATURE
Identify the Parent Chain
The base part of the name reflects the number of
carbons.
No. of Prefix No. of Prefix
carbon carbon
1 meth 6 hex
2 eth 7 hept
3 prop 8 Oct
4 but 9 non
5 pent 10 dec
Molecular Formula

-gives the kind and number of each

type of atoms composing an organic
compound.

Example- C2H6 ethane

Structural Formula

-is a formula that shows the actual structure of

the molecule and gives all the atoms in a
sequential order indicating bonding pattern.

TWO TYPES OF STRUCTURAL FORMULA

EXPANDED CONDENSED

CH3-CH2-CH3
PROPANE
Skeletal Formula

The skeletal formula, also called line-angle formula

or shorthand formula of an organic compound.
 TYPES OF ALIPHATIC
HYDROCARBON
1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkynes
 Alkanes
-are aliphatic, saturated hydrocarbons and has
only single carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule.
They are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons
because they hold the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms that can bond to the carbon
atoms present. Some alkanes are gases and are
used directly as fuels. Saturated hydrocarbons
that forms a single ring are called cycloalkanes.
 EXAMPLE:

CH3-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH3

pentane

CH3-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH3

Octane

Butane CH3-CH2- CH2-CH3

 SUBSTITUENT
CH3

CH3-CH- CH2-CH2-CH2- CH3

2-methylhexane
2,3,5-trimethyloctane
CH3 CH3

CH3-CH- CH-CH2- CH3

2,3-dimethyl pentane CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3-CH2- CH2-CH-CH2 -CH - CH -CH3

 CH2- CH3

CH3-CH2- CH-CH-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH3

4-chloro-2,3-diethylheptane
CH3
Cl CH2- CH3
3-ethyl-4-methyl octane
Br
CH3-CH2- CH2-CH-CH- CH-CH3
CH3-CH-CH3
CH2- CH3
2-bromopropane
SKELETAL STRUCTURE

BUTANE
HEXANE OCTANE

3-BROMOHEPTANE
3-ETHYLHEXANE
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes
Example: CH2- CH3
CH2- CH3

ethylcyclohexane CH3
1-ethyl-3- methylcycloheptane
Cycloalkanes
Example:
CH2- CH3 CH3

Br

1-Bromo-2-ethylcyclohexane CH3

1,2-dimethylcyclobutane
 ALKENES
Alkenes-also called as olefins. These
are unsaturated hydrocarbons that
contain at least one carbon-carbon
double bond. They are all colorless
and odorless in nature except
ethene. They are insoluble in water
due to their nonpolar feature but are
more reactive than alkanes.
 EXAMPLE

CH2 CH - CH2- CH3 CH3 -CH CH- CH3

1-BUTENE 2-BUTENE

CH3 -CH2 - CH CH -CH –CH3

CH3
2-methyl-3 hexene
CH3 -CH - CH - CH2 –CH CH –CH3

6-chloro-5-nitro-2-heptene
Cl NO2

2-methyl-1-butene
CH3 –CH - CH CH –CH CH –CH3
6-ethyl-2,4-heptadiene
CH3 -CH2

CYCLOALKENES
EXAMPLE
Cl CH3
CH3
1-Chloro cyclopentene

CH3
CH3

3-methyl cyclopentene
Br
3,4,6-trimethyl cycloheptene

5-Bromo-1,3-cyclopentadiene
 Alkynes

Alkynes- contain at least one carbon-carbon

triple bond, hence unsaturated. They have
physical properties similar to alkanes and
alkenes. They dissolve in organic solvents,
slightly soluble in polar solvents, and are
insoluble in water. Alkynes are more reactive
and have slightly higher boiling points
compared to alkanes and alkenes.
Example

CH3 -C C- CH3

2-butyne CH3

CH3 – C C - CH2 -CH –CH3

5-methyl-2 hexyne
 Cyclohexyne

Cyclopentyne

CH3-CH2- CH -C C- CH2-CH2-C CH

CH3 7-methyl-1,5nonadiyne
How do these organic compound help
us in our daily live?

Natural gas mainly contains

methane and ethane and is
used for heating and
cooking purposes and for
power utilities.
Automobile Fuel
Alkanes have high
heat of combustion
hence used as fuel,
LPG, Diesel and Petrol
Uses of Chemicals
Carbon Black obtained
by incomplete
combustion of alkanes
used in the
manufacturing of shoe
polishes, printer ink,
black pigments and as a
filler in rubber industry.
Organic Compounds:
Functional Groups
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
1. Alcohol
2. Ether
3. Aldehyde
4. Ketone
5. Carboxylic Acids
6. Esters
7. Amines
1. Alcohols

All alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional

group, -OH. Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, which is
produced biologically by the fermentation of
sugar or starch, is by far the best known. The
alcohols are very weakly acidic and are soluble in
water because of their polar nature. Most
alcohols are highly flammable. Methanol is highly
toxic.

General Formula: R-OH

In naming compound, the following rules
become guides:

1. Identify the parent chain which is the

longest continuous carbon chain having –
OH group. The base name of the chain ends
in - ol

2. Indicates the position where the – OH is

found using number.
3. If there are Two – OH group found in the
parent chain, the base name ends in –diol.
If there are three- OH groups. The base
name ends in-triol. Location of the-OH
group along the chain is indicated by
numbers.
CH3- OH Methanol
CH3-CH2OH Ethanol
OH

CH3- CH2 - CH3 2-propanol

OH OH

CH3- CH - CH - CH2 - CH3

2,3-pentadiol
 OH
OH
CH3 -CH - CH2–CH3
2-butanol
CH3 OH
Br CH3
CH3 -CH - CH2– CH2 -CH - CH3
5-methyl-2-hexanol

3-bromo-3-methylcyclohexanol
 Ether
Ethers contain the R-O-R’ linkage, where R
and R’ are hydrocarbon. They are slightly
polar and slightly soluble in water, but they
are extremely flammable. They tend to
slowly form explosive peroxides when left
standing in air.

GENERAL FORMULA: R-O-R

 Ethers

Ethers are easily named. The alkyl groups

attached to oxygen are named in
alphabetical order and are followed by the
word ether. If the two alkyl groups are
attached to oxygen the prefix di-is used. In
IUPAC system, the –OR substituent in the
general formula R-O-R is named as an
alkoxy group.
 Example:
CH3-O- CH2CH3
ethyl methyl ether CH3
IUPAC NAME: CH3-CH2 - CH-O- CH2CH3
O CH3 butyl ethyl ether
IUPAC NAME:
methoxy ethane
O CH2CH3

1-ethoxy butane
 CH2CH3 - O- CH2CH3 di-ethyl ether

O di-ethyl ether
IUPAC NAME:
O CH2CH3
1-ethoxy ethane
CH3

3-ethoxy-2-methylpentane
O CH2CH3
Br OH
4-bromo-3-methoxy-2-pentanol
O CH3

O CH3
cyclopentyl methyl ether
O CH3

cyclohexyl methyl ether

 Aldehydes

The functional group in aldehydes

and ketones is the carbonyl group
( --C O). At least
one hydrogen atom is bonded to
the carbon in the carbonyl group in
an aldehyde.
In the IUPAC system of naming, aldehydes
named according to the following rules:
1.Identify the longest chain that
contains the carbonyl group.
2. The –e ending of the hydrocarbon
chain is replaced by an -al
3. Number of chain beginning with the
carbon containing oxygen. This carbon is
understood to be carbon 1 in the chain.
Number and name all the side groups
following previous rules of naming
hydrocarbons.
GENERAL FORMULA:

R –C—H

Note: Aldehyde bond is always at the end

Example
O
2 1 Ethane
CH3 –C –H
Ethanal
R Aldehyde

CH3 O

CH3-CH - CH -C 2,3-di-methylbutanal
CH3
 O

H 4-methyl-pentanal

CH3

O CH2 CH2 CH3

H-- C – CH2 –CH

3-ethylhexanal
CH2

CH3
 O
H C – CH2 –CH CH3
3-methylpentanal
CH2
O
CH3 C
H
CH3 O
2,3-di-methylbutanal
CH3– CH –CH-C-H
CH3 cyclohexanal
 KETONE
Another organic compound that contains
the functional group is ketone. Ketone has
a general formula.

O
R C
R
Where the carbon of the carbonyl is found in the
middle of the hydrocarbon chain.
Ketones are named by changing
the editing of the parent chain of
the hydrocarbon compound with
an –one ending. The longest chain
is numbered to give the carbonyl
group the lowest possible number.
Then a number indicates the
location of the carbonyl carbons.
 EXAMPLE:

CH3 O
CH3 - C – CH2 –C - CH3

CH3 4,4-di-methyl-2-pentanone
O
CH3 - CH2 – C –CH2 -CH2 - CH3

3-hexanone
 O

CH3 2-methyl-cyclohexanone

Cl Br
3-bromo-4-chloro-cyclopentanone
 O

3-amino-2-butanone
NH2
O

CH3 - CH2 – C –CH -CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

CH3

4-methyl-3-octanone
 Carboxylic Acids

The functional group in carboxylic acids is

the carboxyl group,
These acids are weak in nature and are
widely found in both plant and animal
kingdoms. Carboxylic acids are polar and are
soluble in water. Acetic acid, one of the
common carboxylic acids, is also known as
vinegar.
In naming carboxylic acids
systematically, the – e ending of
the parent hydrocarbon chain is
replaced by the ending –oic acid.
The carbonyl group is understood
to be the 1 carbon in the chain.
st
 Carboxylic Acids
O
GENERAL FORMULA: R C OH
EXAMPLE:
 EXAMPLE:
O
CH3 - CH2 –CH2 - CH - C
OH
CH3
2-methylpentane 2-methylpentanoic acid
O
OH C - CH2 –CH2 - CH2 –CH2 –CH2 CH3
heptanoic acid
 CH3
2-methyl-2propylhexanoic acid
CH2

CH2 O
CH3 – C – C-OH
O
CH2
OH
CH2
CH2 cyclopentanoic acid

CH3
 CH3
ethersO O
CH3 - CH –CH2 - C - OH
3-methoxybutanoic acid

O
CH3 - CH – C - OH
Cl

2-chloro propanoic acid

 Esters
Esters have the general formula R’-COOR,
where R’ can be a hydrocarbon group or
Hydrogen and R is a hydrocarbon group. They
are used in the production of perfumes and as
flavouring agents. The smell and flavour of
many fruits come from the presence of small
quantities of esters.
The name of an ester is a combination of
the name of the hydrocarbon containing
the alcohol and the name of the parent
acid with its ending changed to –ate.

methanol methanoate
GENERAL FORMULA:
O
RCOOR or
R-C –O - R
Example:
O substituent
CH3 - CH2 - C – O- CH3

R or HC ester R or HC

methyl propanoate
 O
CH3 - CH2 –CH2 - CH2 –O- C - CH - CH3
butyl propanoate
O
CH3 - CH2 –CH2 - CH2 - CH –C – O-CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 CH2 - CH2-CH3

Heptyl hexanoate
 O
CH3 - CH2 –C – O-CH - CH2 - CH2 CH3
Butyl propanoate
 AMINES
Amines are organic bases having the
general formula R3N, where R may be
Hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group. When
amines are allowed to react with acids,
they form colourless and odourless salts.

GENERAL FORMULA : R –NH2

note: ( sometimes it just NH2, NH3, N or H)
 EXAMPLE: GENERAL FORMULA : R –NH2

CH3 - CH2 – NH2 NH2

Ethylamine
CH3 – NH2
methylamine Cyclohexylamine

NH2
propane 1-propanamine
NH2

2-butanamine
NH2

5-methyl-2-hexanamine

CH3
CH3 - CH2 –CH3 – NH –CH3

N-methyl-1-propanamine

CH3 - CH2 –CH3 – NH –CH3

CH3

N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine
 Structural Isomerism
When two or more organic compounds
have the same molecular formula but
different properties due to their difference
in arrangement of atoms along the carbon,
they are called structural isomers. There
are six forms of structural isomerism and
the most common are chain, positional and
functional isomerism.
 a. Chain Isomerism

Chain isomers are organic compounds with

the same formula, but the arrangements of
their carbon skeleton are different

FORMULA: C4H10
b. Positional Isomerism
Positional isomerism occurs when the same
functional groups are attached to different
positions on a carbon chain.

FORMULA: C4H8

FORMULA: C3H7OH
 c. Functional Isomerism

Functional isomerism occurs if

different compounds are formed due to
the different arrangements of their atoms
leading to different functional groups. As
functional groups are usually the reactive
centre of a molecule, functional isomers
have entirely different properties.
 FORMULA: C2H6O

FORMULA: C3H6O

FORMULA: C2H4O2