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    LARUTAN

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    Viand Nugroho
    A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The component present in the largest amount is called the solvent, while the other components present in smaller amounts are called solutes. Solutions can be gases, liquids, or solids. For a substance to dissolve, like molecules must dissolve in like - nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents, and polar substances dissolve in polar solvents. The concentration of a solution describes how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solvent, and can be measured in terms of percentage by mass, molarity, molality, or normality.

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    LARUTAN

    Uploaded by

    Viand Nugroho
    24 views22 pages
    A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The component present in the largest amount is called the solvent, while the other components present in smaller amounts are called solutes. Solutions can be gases, liquids, or solids. For a substance to dissolve, like molecules must dissolve in like - nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents, and polar substances dissolve in polar solvents. The concentration of a solution describes how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solvent, and can be measured in terms of percentage by mass, molarity, molality, or normality.

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    A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The component present in the largest amount is called the solvent, while the other components present in smaller amounts are called solutes. Solutions can be gases, liquids, or solids. For a substance to dissolve, like molecules must dissolve in like - nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents, and polar substances dissolve in polar solvents. The concentration of a solution describes how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solvent, and can be measured in terms of percentage by mass, molarity, molality, or normality.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    24 views22 pages

    LARUTAN

    Uploaded by

    Viand Nugroho
    A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The component present in the largest amount is called the solvent, while the other components present in smaller amounts are called solutes. Solutions can be gases, liquids, or solids. For a substance to dissolve, like molecules must dissolve in like - nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents, and polar substances dissolve in polar solvents. The concentration of a solution describes how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solvent, and can be measured in terms of percentage by mass, molarity, molality, or normality.

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    SOLUTION

    Reny Rosalina, M.Si


    Definition
    A solution is a homogeneous mixture, a mixture in which the components are uniformly intermingled (a sample
    from one part is the same as a sample from any other part)

    Solvent : The substance present in the largest amount


    solution
    Solutes : the other substance or substances, the smaller amounts.

    solution can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid


    Solubility

    Glucose molecules
    Principle of solubility : Like dissolves Like

    Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are


    likely to be soluble in each other.

    • non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents


    CCl4 in C6H6
    • polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
    C2H5OH in H2O
    • ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents
    NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)

    1
    Composition of Solution
    An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to
    dissolve at a specific temperature.
    A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will
    dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature.
    A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated
    solution at a specific temperature.
    Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is
    added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.

    12.1
    Concentration Units
    The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
    present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
    Concentration Units Continued

    Percent by Mass
    mass of solute
    % by mass = x 100%
    mass of solute + mass of solvent
    mass of solute x 100%
    =
    mass of solution

    A solution is prepared by mixing 1.00 g of ethanol, C2H5OH, with 100.0 g of water. Calculate the mass
    percent of ethanol in this solution.
    Mole Fraction (X)
    moles of A
    XA =
    sum of moles of all components

    n terlarut
    X terlarut =
    n terlarut + n pelarut
    n pelarut X terlarut + X pelarut = 1
    X pelarut =
    n terlarut + n pelarut

    Contoh : sebanyak 2 mol urea terdapat dalam 8 mol air,maka :

    2
    X terlarut (urea) = = 0,2
    2 + 8

    8
    X pelarut (air) = = 0,8
    2 + 8
    Concentration Units Continued

    Molarity (M)

    moles of solute
    M =
    liters of solution

    Molality (m)

    moles of solute
    m =
    mass of solvent (kg)

    12.3
    What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH, Mr : 46)
    solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL?

    moles of solute moles of solute


    m = M =
    mass of solvent (kg) liters of solution

    Assume 1 L of solution:
    5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol
    927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL)

    mass of solvent = mass of solution – mass of solute


    = 927 g – 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg

    moles of solute 5.86 moles C2H5OH


    m = = = 8.92 m
    mass of solvent (kg) 0.657 kg solvent

    12.3
    Normality (N)
    The use of normality focuses mainly on the H and OH available in an acid–base reaction
    One equivalent of an acid is the amount of that acid that can furnish 1 mole of H ions
    One equivalent of a base is defined as the amount of that base that can furnish 1 mole of OH ions
    The equivalent weight of an acid or a base is the mass in grams of 1 equivalent (equiv) of that acid or base

    1 mol HCl =1 equiv HCl 1 mol H2SO4 = 2 equiv H2SO4


    Molar mass (HCl) = equivalent weight (HCl) Equivalent weight (H2SO4) = ½ molar mass (H2SO4)

    1 mol HNO3 = 1 equiv HNO3


    Molar mass (HNO3) = equivalent weight (HNO3)

    Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 ,Calculate the equivalent weight of H3PO4 (MW : 98)
    Normality (N) is defined as the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

    Number of equivalen : m/Equivalent weight

    Normality = equivalent x M

    A solution of sulfuric acid contains 86 g of H 2SO4 per liter of solution. Calculate the normality of this solution.
    Dilution:
    V1M1 = V2 M2 Mixture Concentration:
    M Mix = V1 M1 + V2M2

    (V1 . N1)pekat = (V2 . N2)encer V1 + V 2

    (V1 . M1)pekat = (V2 . M2)encer

    (V1 . %1)pekat = (V2 . %2)encer

    What volume of 16 M sulfuric acid must be used to


    prepare 1.5 L of a 0.10 M H2SO4 solution?
    Solution Stoichiometry: Calculating Mass of Reactants and Products

    Calculate the mass of solid NaCl that must be added to 1.50 L of a 0.100 M AgNO3 solution to precipitate all of
    the Ag ions in the form of AgCl. Calculate the mass of AgCl formed.

    Answer:
    The reaction
    AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3

    Ag+ + Cl-  AgCl

    Calculate the moles of reactants.


    Remember that a 0.100 M AgNO3 solution contains 0.100 M Ag ions and 0.100 M NO3 ions.
    Calculate the moles of Cl required.

    Ag+ + Cl-  AgCl

    We have 0.150 mole of Ag ions and, because one Ag ion reacts with one Cl ion, we need 0.150 mole of Cl,

    Convert to grams of NaCl required. The mass of AgCl formed is


    Exercise
    Calculate the percent by mass of the solute in each of these aqueous solutions:
    (a) 5.50 g of NaBr in 78.2 g of solution
    (b) 31.0 g of KCl in 152 g of water
    (c) 4.5 g of toluene in 29 g of benzene.
    Although milk is not a true solution (it is really a suspension of tiny globules of fat, protein, and other substrates in water),
    it does contain a dissolved sugar called lactose. Cow’s milk typically contains 4.5% by mass of lactose, C 12H22O11.
    Calculate the mass of lactose present in 175 g of milk.

    Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 11.5 g of solid NaOH in enough water to make 1.50 L of
    solution

    Calculate the normality of a solution containing 23.6 g of Ca(OH) 2 (Ar Ca:40. O:16, H:1) in 755 mL of solution.

    A laboratory assistant needs to prepare 225 mL of 0.150 M CaCl2 solution. How many grams of calcium
    chloride will she need?

    The density of a 4.86 M aqueous solution of methanol (CH3OH) is 0.973 g/mL. What is the molality of the solution? The
    molar mass of methanol is 32.04 g.

    How much water must be added to 500. mL of 0.200 M HCl to produce a 0.150 M solution?
    Sifat Larutan Elektrolit Kuat, Elektrolit Lemah dan Non
    Elektrolit
    Jenis Jenis Zat Terlarut Tes Nyala Tes Elektroda
    Larutan Lampu
    Elektrolit Senyawa ion (lelehan dan larutan) Terang Terbentuk
    kuat Contoh: garam banyak
    Senyawa kovalen polar (larutan) gelembung gas
    Contoh: asam kuat dan basa kuat
    Senyawa tersebut dapat terionisasi dengan
    sempurna (α = 1)

    Elektrolit Senyawa kovalen polar (larutan) Redup Terbentuk


    Lemah Contoh: asam lemah dan basa lemah sedikit
    Senyawa tersebut dapat terionisasi dengan gelembung gas
    sebagian (0 < α < 1)

    Non Senyawa kovalen non polar Tidak Tidak


    Elektrolit Contoh: gula, alkohol, urea, dll menyala terbentuk
    Senyawa tersebut tidak dapat terionisasi (α = 0) gelembung gas
    Syarat Larutan Elektrolit

    dapat terurai menjadi ion


    positif dan ion negatif

    Ion-ion positif dan negatif


    dapat bergerak dan
    menimbulkan arus listrik
    Mengapa padatan senyawa ion tidak bersifat elektrolit?

    Dipanaskan (menjadi leburan) /


    Dilarutakan (menjadi larutan)

    Solid
    terurai menjadi
    ion-ion nya

    Ion-ion inilah yang bergerak dan


    menghantarkan arus listrik

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