Collision Warning and Avoidance

COLLISION WARNING
AND AVOIDANCE
COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
A collision avoidance system (CAS), also known as a pre-crash system,
forward collision warning system, or collision mitigation system, is a motorcar
safety system designed to prevent or reduce the severity of a collision. In its
basic form, a forward collision warning system monitors a vehicle's speed, the
speed of the vehicle in front of it, and the distance between the vehicles, so
that it can provide a warning to the driver if the vehicles get too close,
potentially helping to avoid a crash. Various technologies and sensors that are
used include radar (all-weather) and sometimes laser (LIDAR) and cameras
(employing image recognition) to detect an imminent crash. GPS sensors can
detect fixed dangers such as approaching stop signs through a location
database
HOWCOLLISION AVOIDANCE
SYSTEM
Collision avoidance systems respond to situations in two different ways. The first is
to alert a driver to the risk through a light, a sound, or both. Vehicles with front and
rear cameras also provide visual warnings of obstacles.
With the use of radar, lasers and cameras, collision avoidance alert systems include:
• Forward-collision Warning (FCW): Visual and/or audible warning to alert driver of collision risk.
The IIHS has already observed a 27% reduction in front-to-rear crashes through this technology.
• Blind-spot Warning (BSW): Visual and/or audible notification that a vehicle is in the driver’s blind
spot in a neighboring lane; an additional warning may sound if a turn indicator is used when a
vehicle is in the blind spot. IIHS studies have shown a 14% reduction in lane-change crashes and a
23% reduction in lane-change crashes with injuries in vehicles with this capability.
SYSTEM cont.
• Cross Traffic Warning: A visual, audible, or haptic alert if an object is currently out of camera
range, but appears to be moving into it. Studies show a 22% reduction in reverse crashes.
• Lane Departure Warning (LDW): A visual, audible, or haptic alert that a driver is crossing lane
markings. This technology has provided a 11% drop in sideswipe and head-on crashes, with a 21%
reduction of injuries in the crashes of those types that occur.
SYSTEM cont.
In addition to warnings and alerts, some collision avoidance systems assist drivers in mitigating
imminent risks. These systems will override the driver, changing the throttle of the vehicle or
applying the brakes. The tools to inform these systems are similar to alerts, including radar, lasers,
and cameras, however the response of the vehicle is more proactive. Collision avoidance features
that actively assist drivers include:
• Adaptive Cruise Control: More preventative than reactive, these systems use radar or lasers to
adjust your cruise control speed via throttle to maintain an appropriate distance from the vehicle
in front of you.
• Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB): Brakes are automatically applied based on feedback from
sensors in order to prevent a collision or minimize collision speed
• Rear Automatic Emergency Braking: Brakes are automatically applied to prevent the vehicle from
backing into an object using a cross-traffic monitoring system or sensors like radar or lasers.
SYSTEM cont.
• Electronic Stability Control (ESC): An extension of antilock brake technology, ESC
automatically applies your brakes to help steer the car appropriately during a loss of
traction. An onboard computer monitors various sensors to determine which wheels to
brake and which to accelerate.
• Parking Assist: Feedback from cameras and sensors combine to allow vehicles to steer
themselves into a parking space while the driver controlling the speed.
CAUSES OF REAR END COLLISION
A variety of reckless driving habits and other factors can play a role in causing a rear-end car
accident, including:
• Tailgating: One driver may follow another car too closely. This greatly decreases a
person’s reaction time, and they may not be able to avoid a collision if the car they are
following slows down or stops suddenly.
• Distracted driving: Anything that interrupts a driver’s focus on the road can cause them
to be unable to stop in time to avoid rear-ending another vehicle. The most common
form of distractions include cell phone usage, adjusting the radio, or eating or drinking.
• Not obeying traffic laws: Speeding is a common issue linked to rear-end collisions. If a
motorist is driving above the speed limit, they might not be able to stop their car in time
to avoid striking another vehicle.
Warning Provide by Pre-Safe Brake in typical
REC
CAUSES OF REAR END COLLISION
Cont.
• Poor weather conditions: If there is a considerable amount of rain or snow falling, or if
there is snow or ice on the pavement, these poor conditions could hinder a driver from
stopping on time. A motorist may lose control of a sliding vehicle, causing it to barrel into
another car at a high speed.
• Car Defects: The most common type of car maintenance issue that can result in a rear-
end collision is an issue with a car’s brakes. A faulty braking system could make it
impossible for a driver to slow down and stop in time.
• Driver error: In some cases, a driver may simply make mistakes that would cause them to
strike another vehicle from behind. For example, the sight of an unrelated car accident
may cause a person to panic and lose control of their vehicle. Likewise, a motorist’s foot
could slip, resulting in pressing the gas pedal instead of the brakes.

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