Computer Networks & IOT

(18B11CS311)

Even Semester_2023

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 Textbook
Prerequisite:
book
 Textbook
1. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring
the Internet, 7th Edition, James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross
2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite – B. Forouzan
 Reference Books
1. Computer Networks-Tannenbaum
2. Computer Networks-A Systems Approach- L Peterson

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 Grading Policy
 Assignments:
 Tutorial sheets
 Assignments/Quiz
 Mini Project
 T1, T2 and T3
 Attendance

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Lectures & Assignments
Objective
 Deep understanding of basic and fundamental networking
concepts, architectures, and philosophies

 IMPORTANT: this course is NOT about setting up your router

at home, or writing a twitter program!!

Approach: how to do well in this course

 Easy: attend ALL lectures and do ALL assignments
 Do your assignments individually
 Some hw problems will be solved in class

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Course Objectives
COURSE OUTCOMES COGNITIVE LEVELS

Defining the basics of networking, components and underlying

CO1 Remembering (Level 1)
technologies
CO2
Illustrate the various key protocols in OSI model and TCP/IP Understanding (Level
protocol suite and explain various application protocols. 2)
CO3 Examine various transport protocols and its performance
Analysing (Level 4)
enhancing mechanisms.
CO4 Determine the shortest path for the network using various
Evaluating (Level 5)
routing protocols and evaluate it.
CO5
Choose IP & MAC addressing mechanisms and data link layer
protocols to solve communication, error detection and Applying (Level 3)
correction problems.
CO6 Identification and description of various components, Understand (Level 2)
architectures and protocols of Internet of Things (IoT) and
their real life problems.

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 No. of
Module Subtitle of the
Topics in the module Lectures for
No. Module
the module
Network terminologies, Network Models, Protocol layers
1. Introduction and their services, Connection Oriented and 04
Connectionless services, Physical Media.

The Application Principles of Application-Layer Protocols, HTTP, File

2. 4
Layer Transfer: FTP, DNS, Electronic Mail in the Internet
Transport-Layer Services and Principles, Multiplexing
and Demultiplexing Applications, UDP and TCP,
The Transport Connection Establishment, Transport Layer Protocols (go
3. 8
Layer back N, stop and wait, selective repeat), Flow Control,
TCP
Congestion Control
Introduction and Network Service Model, IP: the
The Network
4. Internet IP addressing, Routing Principles, Protocol, 09
Layer
Routing in the Internet,
The Data Link Layer: Introduction, Services, Error
The Link Layer
Detection and Correction, Multiple Access Protocols and
5. and Local Area 06
LANs, LAN Addresses and ARP, IEEE standards and
Networks
Ethernet
Introduction to
Introduction to IoT, IoT reference Model - IoT
6. Internet of 05
Reference Architecture,M2M architecture, IOT devices
Things
Introduction to IOT protocols: IEEE 802.11, LoRaWAN,
7 IoT protocols 06
6LoWPAN, RPL and MQTT and CoAP
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 The Zettabyte Era
byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte,
petabyte, exabyte, zettabyte, yottabyte
. 1 Bit = Binary Digit
· 8 Bits = 1 Byte
· 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
· 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
· 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
· 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
· 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
· 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
· 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
· 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
· 1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
· 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte

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Link and Line configuration

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Components of the Network System

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Physical Media

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 IETF
 RFCs
 ISP

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What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions protocols define (1) format,
taken when msgs order of msgs sent and
received, or other received among network
events entities, and (2) actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
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 Best downloading
path

** Long-Term
Evolution (LTE) Chapter 1, slide: 44
 A closer look at network structure:

network edge:
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers
network core:
routers
 interconnected
 network of networks

access networks, physical media: wired,

wireless communication links

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 The network edge: service models
 end systems (hosts):
 run application programs
 e.g. Web, email
 at “edge of network”
 client/server model
 client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
 e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server
 peer-to-peer(P2P) model:
 minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
 e.g. Skype, BitTorrent, KaZaA

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 The Network Core
 mesh of interconnected
routers
 the fundamental question:
how is data transferred
through net?
 circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
 packet-switching: data
sent thru net in discrete
“chunks”

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Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources  dividing link bandwidth
(e.g., bandwidth) into “pieces”
divided into “pieces”  frequency division

 pieces allocated to calls  time division

 resource piece idle if

not used by owning call
(no sharing)

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Circuit Switching: FDMA and TDMA
Example:
FDMA
4 users

frequency

time
TDMA

frequency

time
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 For a TDM link, time is divided into frames of fixed duration, and
each frame is divided into a fixed number of time slots. When the
network establishes a connection across a link, the network dedicates
one time slot in every frame to this connection. These slots are
dedicated for the sole use of that connection, with one time slot
available for use (in every frame) to transmit the connection’s data.
 For TDM, the time domain is segmented into frames, with four time
slots in each frame; each circuit is assigned the same dedicated slot in
the revolving TDM frames. For TDM, the transmission rate of a
circuit is equal to the frame rate multiplied by the number of bits
in a slot. For example, if the link transmits 8,000 frames per second
and each slot consists of 8 bits, then the transmission rate of a circuit
is 64 kbps.

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Delay & loss in packet switched
network

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Ques:
Suppose two hosts, A and B, are separated by 20,000 kilometers and are
connected by a direct link of R = 2 Mbps. Suppose the propagation speed over
the link is 2.5 x 10^8 meters/sec.

a. Calculate the bandwidth-delay product.

b. Consider sending a file of 800,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose the
file is sent continuously as one large message. What is the maximum number of
bits that will be in the link at any given time?
c. Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product.
d. What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link? Is it longer than a football
field?
e. Derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of the propagation
speed s, the transmission rate R, and the length of the link m

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a) 160000bits
b) 160000bits
c) The product of band-width delay is equal to the maximum number of bits
on the transmission line.
d) 125
e) Width:

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earth (d) = 3.6*107 meters

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Packet loss
 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer
has finite capacity
 when packet arrives to full queue, packet is
dropped (aka lost)
 lost packet may be retransmitted by
previous node, by source end system, or not
retransmitted at all
 Any other possibility for loss ?

Introduction 1-92
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Layered Architecture of Network

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**International Standards Organization (ISO)
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Each layer defines a family of functions distinct from those of other layers. The
architecture is both comprehensive and flexible. There is complete transparency
between incompatible systems.

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 Layers 1, 2, and 3-physical, data link, and network-are the
network support layers; they deal with the physical
aspects of moving data from one device to another (such
as electrical specifications, physical connections, physical
addressing, and transport timing and reliability).
 Layers 5, 6, and 7-session, presentation, and application-
can be thought of as the user support layers; they allow
interoperability among unrelated software systems.
 Layer 4, the transport layer, links the two subgroups and
ensures that what the lower layers have transmitted is in a
form that the upper layers can use.

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 Encapsulation
 the data portion of a packet at level N - 1 carries the whole
packet (data and header and maybe trailer) from level N. The
concept is called encapsulation; level N - 1 is not aware of
which part of the encapsulated packet is data and which part is
the header or trailer. For level N - 1, the whole packet coming
from level N is treated as one integral unit.

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Addressing

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Physical Addresses
• The physical address, also known as the link address, is the
address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
• The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the
network. For example, Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical
address.
• Physical addresses can be either unicast (one single recipient),
multicast (a group of recipients), or broadcast (to be received by all
systems in the network.
• Example: Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal
digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below: A 6-byte (12
hexadecimal digits) physical address 07:01:02:01:2C:4B

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