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CHAPTER 6 Infection and Diseases

The document discusses factors that influence infectious disease, including compromised hosts, predisposing factors, and disease conditions. It describes the progression of microbial effects from contamination to disease. It also covers types of infections like acute, chronic, and latent diseases and how infectious agents are transmitted.

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Danica Daniot
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35 views17 pages

CHAPTER 6 Infection and Diseases

The document discusses factors that influence infectious disease, including compromised hosts, predisposing factors, and disease conditions. It describes the progression of microbial effects from contamination to disease. It also covers types of infections like acute, chronic, and latent diseases and how infectious agents are transmitted.

Uploaded by

Danica Daniot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6

INFECTION & DISEASES


Usually Humans Are Healthy.
Economic, medical and social factors, genetics or
individual lifestyle choices can contribute to
tipping the balance for or against microbial
initiation of disease in a particular individual.
Virtually any microorganism can cause disease
under the right set of conditions.

The common saying “ when you are tired and run-


down you are more prone to infection. ,” this is
because an infectious disease is as much the
result of the failure of the human defense as it is
the result of the special properties of pathogenic
microorganisms.
A sufficient number of microorganisms are
necessary to initiate an infective process that
result in disease.
Infectious Dose (ID):
Infectious Dose (ID): the number of pathogens needed to establish a disease.
Factors that influence the infectious dose that is required to initiate a disease,
including the route of entry of the pathogen and the state of the host defenses
A. Compromised Host – an individual whose defenses are weakened by:
 Malnutrition
 Disease
 Chemotherapy
 Or burns
 Broken skin or mucous membrane
 Suppressed immune system
 And/or impaired cell activity.
B. Predisposing Factors-factors that affect the occurrence of disease, making an individual
or population more susceptible to a certain disease; these factors sometimes alter the
course of the disease.
 Gender
 Genetic
 Environment: Climate, weather, nutrition, lifestyle, age, fatigue , occupation, pre
existing illnesses or conditions and medications.
C. Disease Condition- is a state in which the
body does not function normally.
 Many microorganisms live on the
surfaces of body tissues without causing
disease. Such microorganisms constitute
the so called normal microbiota.
 Many of the surfaces of the body,
particularly of the GIT , are covered by
dense populations of these
microorganisms.
 The normal microbiota-contribute to the
body’s defenses by competing with and
wading off potentially invasive
pathogens.
THE PROGRESSION OF THE EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS ON THEIR HOSTS FOLLOWS A DISTINCT PATTERN

1. Contamination: simply indicates the presence


of microorganisms not usually present in body.
2. Colonization: if the microorganisms present in
the body
survive, they may begin to grow at the site of
contamination.
3. Infection: the continued growth of
microorganisms, that is, the
multiplication of within the host organism
whether or not
disease results from the growth.

4. Disease: a condition occurs only when the


potential of the microorganism to disrupt normal
functions is fully expressed.
Subclinical Infections
Subclinical Infections are infections that do not produce symptoms in the host. In such
cases, too few organisms are present or the host’s defense mechanisms effectively
control the invading pathogens.
It is very important to recognize that diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms
account for nearly half of all human illness. The other half can be caused by various
conditions:
1. Nutritional Deficiencies
a. Scurvy: disease caused by vitamin deficiency, caused by insufficient Vitamin C, having
symptoms of which include spongy gum. Loosening of the teeth, and bleeding in the skin
and mucous membrane
b. Rickets: bone- softening disease, especially of children, caused u deficiency in Vitamin D that
makes bones become soft and prone to bending and undergo structural change.
2. Congenital Diseases(Birth Defects)
a. Cleft Palate and
b. Heart Defects
3. Inherited Diseases (Genetic Abnormalities)
a. Down Syndrome: genetic disorder characterized by a broad skull, blunt facial feature, short
stature, and learning difficulties; it is caused by the presence of an extra copy of a specific
chromosome.
b. Tay-Sach’s Disease: a genetic disease, marked by accumulation of lipids in the brain and
nerves, resulting in loss of sight and brain functions.
Subclinical Infections
4. Metabolic Diseases(Metabolic Imbalances); results in
abnormalities in body’s biochemistry
a. Diabetes Mellitus
5. Degenerative Diseases (Degeneration); results from
wearing down of part of the body and
result in the loss of functional abilities.
b. Cirrhosis: liver disease, caused by chronic
progressive disease of the liver characterized by the
replacement of healthy cells with scar tissue.
c. Emphysema: lung condition caused by breathing
impairment, a chronic medical disorder of the lungs
in which the air sacs are dilated or enlarged and lack
flexibility, so that breathing is impaired and infection
sometimes occur.
6. Autoimmune Diseases; a disease that result when one’s
immune system attacks one’s own cells
or in which the body attacks itself.
d. Rheumatoid Arthritis

7. Idiopathic: disease of which there is no known


cause.
PATTERN OF DISEASE
Signs and Symptoms

Sign: is a characteristic of a disease


that can be observed by examining
the patient.
Examples: swelling, redness,
coughing, runny nose, fever, vomiting,
and diarrhea

Symptom: is a disease characteristic


that can be observed or felt only by
the patient.
Examples: pain, shortness of breath,
nausea, and malaise
Disease Syndrome
Disease Syndrome: combination of signs and
symptoms that occur together, which
physicians often use in the absence of clinical
analyses to diagnose a disease and to
determine the appropriate course of action.
The syndrome that characterizes a disease can
be mild to severe and reversible or irreversible.

Sequelae: after effects of a diseases, such


as paralysis after infection with the poliovirus
Five Stages of Disease
There are five stages of infection:

1. Incubation Stage
• Occurs after the pathogen enters the body , before any signs or symptoms
appear
• Microorganism has invaded the host and is typically migrating to various
tissues
• It has not yet begun to increase to sufficient numbers or to produce enough
toxins to cause discomfort, nor to cause the individual to be infective
• Incubation period varies for different diseases, from a few hours to months or
even years, as in the case for AIDS.
• The disease generally is NOT communicable until after the incubation period.

2. Prodromal Stage
 Onset of symptoms marks the start of prodromal stage
 The patient is aware of discomfort but does not have adequately precise to
determine the identity of the disease.
 Sufficient numbers of the pathogen may be present to make the patient
contagious to others.
 The immune defenses have detected the infection and have become operative.
Five Stages of Disease
3. Period of Illness(Clinical Stage)

• Various signs and symptoms that characterize the particular disease occur in this
period.
• This is when the diseases is most severe
• During this period (acute stage), the patient often is sufficiently ill to alter his or her
normal work or school activities.
• This phase of the disease progresses toward DEATH to CONVALESCENCE.
• Recovery depends on whether the body’s defense systems or medical treatment are
adequate.

4. Convalescent Period (Period of Decline)

• Assuming the disease is not fatal, signs and symptoms begin to disappear during this
period.
• Progresses to a carrier stage or to freedom from the pathogen.

5. Recovery
• Marks the end of the disease syndrome
• The patient is completely free of the microorganism and all systems are functioning
normally
TYPES OF INFECTIONS

1. Acute Diseases: develops and complete their


courses rapidly.
Ex: measles and influenza

2. Chronic Diseases: develop slowly, are less severe


and last longer in determinate
period of time.
Ex: tuberculosis and Hansen Disease (leprosy)

3. Subacute Diseases: an intermediate condition


between an acute and a chronic disease.
Ex: gum disease

4. Latent Diseases: characterized by periods that


are sign and symptom free
Ex: syphilis
Transmission of infectious Agents

Communicable or Contagious
 Infectious diseases that can be spread
from one host to another.
 Implies direct transmission from one
person to another.
 Highly communicable diseases;
measles, German measles, influenza,
gonorrhea and genital herpes
Non-communicable Diseases
 Are required from the environment and are
not spread directly from one person to
another.
 Examples: tetanus, rabies, and Lyme
Disease( serious infectious disease, an
infectious bacterial disease transmitted by
ticks)
Thank You for your
Attention!

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