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    Diss Week 5

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    Diss Week 5

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    j70048116
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    DISS-WEEK-5

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    3 views30 pages

    Diss Week 5

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    WEEK 5: Concepts and

    Principles of the Major


    Social Sciences Theories:
    Structural Functionalism,
    Marxism, and Symbolic
    Interactionism
    Vocabulary List

    1.) Class- a group of people within society who have the same economic
    and social position
    2.) Dialectical- discovering what is true by considering opposite theories
    3.) Equilibrium- a state of balance
    4.) Evolutionary- involving a gradual process of change and
    development
    5.) Function- the natural process (of something) or the duty (of a
    person).
    6.) Functionalism- the principle that the most important thing about an
    object such as a building is its use rather than what it looks like
    7.) Historical- connected with studying or representing things from the
    past
    Vocabulary List

    8.) Interaction- an occasion when two or more people or things


    communicate with or react to each other
    9.) Latent- present but needing particular conditions to become active,
    obvious or completely developed
    10.) Manifest- to show something clearly, through signs or actions
    11.) Marxism- a social, political, and economic theory that is based on
    the writings of Karl Marx
    12.) Materialism- the belief that having money and possessions is the
    most important thing in life
    13.) Structural- relating to the way in which parts of a system or object
    are arranged
    14.) Symbolic- representing something else
    1.) STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM

    -is a framework for building theory that sees society as a


    complex system whose parts work together to promote
    solidarity and stability. Economy, religion, politics,
    education, and family are to be considered groups as a
    major institution. Individual and group behavior, more
    often than not, serves a FUNCTION for the larger
    society.
    -according to functionalism, society is a system of
    interconnected parts that work together in
    harmony to maintain a state of balance and social
    equilibrium for the whole.

    -functionalists use the terms functional and


    dysfunctional to describe the effects of
    social elements on society.
    Robert Merton identified two types
    of functions.

    1.) Manifest functions- are


    consequences that are intended and
    commonly recognized

    2.) latent functions- are


    consequences that unintended and
    often hidden.
    For example, the manifest function of
    education is to transmit knowledge and skills
    to society’s youth. But public elementary
    schools also serve as babysitters for employed
    parents, and colleges offer a place for young
    adults to meet potential mates. The babysitting
    and mate-selection functions are not intended
    or commonly recognized functions of
    education, hence they are latent functions.
    5 situations an actor face according Merton:

    1.) Conformity- occurs when an individual has the means and desire
    to achieve the cultural goals socialized to them
    2.) Innovation- occurs when an individual strives to attain the
    accepted cultural goals but chooses to do so in a novel or accepted
    method
    3.) Ritualism- occurs when an individual continues to do things as
    prescribed by society but forfeits the achievement of the goals
    4.) Retreatism- is the rejection of both the means and the goals of
    society
    5.) Rebellion- is a combination of the rejection of societal goals and
    means and a substitution of other goals and means
    2.) MARXISM

    -is method of socioeconomic analysis that


    uses a materialist interpretation of historical
    development to understand class relations
    and social conflict, as well as a dialectical
    perspective to view social transformation.
    Karl Marx (1818-1883) wrote
    the Communist Manifesto
    that shows the basic struggle
    between classes and
    recommends action against
    the “specter” of capitalism
    Capital.
    Friedrich Engels (1820-
    1895) was a German
    political theorist. He wrote
    Das Kapital.

    He wrote the Origin of the Family,


    Private Property and the State,
    presents the evolution of humankind
    from primitive communism, to
    slavery, feudalism, capitalism and
    finally industrial communism.
    -Marx and Engels examined the conflict
    generated by the increasing wealth of the
    capitalists (Bourgeoisie) at the expense of the
    working class (Proletariat) who only sunk
    deeper into poverty.
    Historical materialism is a methodology used that
    focuses on human societies and their development
    through history, arguing that history is the result of
    material conditions rather than ideals. It is principally
    a theory of history that asserts that the material
    conditions of a society's mode of production, the
    union of a society's productive forces and relations
    of production, fundamentally determine society's
    organization and development.
    -Theories in Social Sciences prioritize explaining how
    society progressed.

    *From primitive society, slavery, feudal society to capitalist


    society

    Production- basis of human society’s existence

    Mode of Production (Instruments + natural resources


    = means of production)
    *labor force
    *Society progressed so much alongside with it the modes
    of production

    Before, hunting and gathering society = everyone is


    collectively helping (everyone is involved)

    Egalitarian- principle that all people are equal and deserve


    equal rights and opportunities
    Mode of production shape society morality
    and type of leadership they exhibit

    Change in mode of production = forces a change in special


    phenomena

    As results of these changes, the general tendency to


    develop: expend/spend minimum , produce maximum
    Mode of production/tools develop

    Surplus of production (more output/products


    are produced)

    Allowed people to specialize thus creating


    division of labor
    For examples: conflict in material interest between farmers
    and landlords

    Landlords own most of the equipment and tools used in


    farming, while farmers do not and just serve as their
    workers. Both of them want to keep produce as much as
    possible. This creates a conflict of material interest
    between them.
    What can we observe in this scenario?

    It’s the rising and stagnant classes.


    In today’s setting, we still see this disparity/material
    conflict of interest in businesses.

    Business owners keep their material interest in


    lowering the wages of their employees because they
    own the means of production, while employees (who
    has the labor power in exchange for wage) seek to
    have a higher pay).
    Dialectical materialism is a philosophy of science
    and nature developed in Europe and based on the
    writings of Marx and Engels. Marxist dialectics
    emphasizes the importance of real-world conditions
    in terms of class, labor, and socioeconomic
    interactions
    *Dialogues between two characters (opposing)

    THESIS
    + ANTITHESIS SYNTHESIS
    *opposing/contradictory views emerge
    simultaneously- the existence of one is dependent on
    the other

    For example: Scammer and its victim


    Trafficker and exploited
    Do you still remember what Rene Descartes?

    “Therefore I think I am”

    But Marx and Engels opposed this.


    They said,

    “I am therefore, I think.”

    Engels said that thought is inseparable from matter.


    They think that the mind is just the refection of the
    world, rather than the world is just a reflection of the
    mind.
    Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that
    develops from practical considerations and suggests
    to people's particular utilization of dialect to make
    images and normal implications, for deduction and
    correspondence with others. This perspective relies
    on the symbolic meaning that people develop and
    build upon in the process of social interaction.
    Symbolic interaction was conceived by George
    Herbert Mead. He is the one who argued that
    “people’s selves are social products, but that these
    selves are also purposive and creative.

    For example, studies find that teenagers are well


    informed about the risks of tobacco, but they also
    think that smoking is cool, they will be safe from harm,
    and smoking projects a positive image to their peers.
    So, the symbolic meaning of smoking overrides the
    facts regarding smoking and risk.
    The Three Basic Premises by Herbert Blumer (1969)
    set out three basic premises of the perspective:

    1. "Humans act toward things based on the meanings


    they ascribe to those things." includes everything that a
    human being may note in their world, including physical
    objects, actions, and concepts. Essentially, individuals
    behave towards objects and others based on the
    personal meanings that the individuals have already
    given these items.
    2. "The meaning of such things is derived from, or
    arises out of, the social interaction that one has with
    others and the society." arises out of, the social
    interaction that one has with other humans.

    3. "These meanings are handled in, and modified


    through, an interpretative process used by the person
    in dealing with the things he/she encounters." We
    naturally talk to ourselves to sort out the meaning of a
    difficult situation.

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