AMERICAN EMPOWER B1+ GRAMMAR UNIT 07-10 - Coyago - Benito

UNIT 7:
House and Home
Instituto de Idiomas
Contents:
• Lesson 7 A: Modals of deduction.
Must, may, might, could, may not, might not, can’t
• Lesson 7 B: Quantifiers
Some, any, no, none of, too, enough
Large quantities Small quantities
A lot, much, many A little, a few, very little, very few
Lesson A: Modals of deduction
Deduction: the process of reaching a decision or answer by thinking about the known facts, or
the decision that is reached
We can use modal verbs to show that we are making a deduction using evidence, not stating a fact
E.g.
1. We must be early. Nobody else has arrived yet.
2.They work at the same office so they may know each other.
3.She might not be in. The lights are all out.
4.That can’t be Mark’s car. He told me his was in the garage.
The opposite of must for deductions is can’t. Don’t use mustn’t, can or couldn’t for deductions.
e.g. This bill can’t be right, I only ordered a salad.
NOT: This bill couldn’t, mustn’t be right.
There must be a mistake.
NOT: There can be a mistake
There is no difference between may, might and could. All three mean that something is possible.
To make deductions about actions happening now, use a modal + be + verb + ing
e.g. She isn’t answering the phone. She might be listening to music
Different modal verbs tell us how sure about a deduction we are:
It’s cold in that house Fact: I know it is.

It must be cold in that house. Deduction: I’m sure it is.
It may/might/could be cold in that house. Deduction: It’s possible that it is.
It may / might not be cold in that house. Deduction: It’s possible that it isn’t.
It can’t be cold in that house. Deduction: I’m sure it isn’t.
It isn’t cold in that house Fact: I know it isn’t.
NOW YOUR TURN:
Match the deductions 1-8 with the best sentences a-h
1. ____That man must be a doctor. a. He doesn’t know anything about medicine.
2. ____ That man might be a doctor. b. They finished their dinner an hour ago.
3. ____ That man might not be a doctor. c. He’s wearing a white coat.
4. ____ That man can’t be a doctor. d. I remember they booked a table at a restaurant for
5. ____ They must be eating dinner now. around now.
6. ____ They could well be eating dinner now. e. Perhaps they finished.
7. ____ They may not be eating dinner now. f. Look – he’s listening to that man’s heart.
8. ____ They can’t be eating dinner now. g. They usually eat around his time.
h. It’s possible that he’s a nurse.
NOW YOUR TURN:
a. He doesn’t know anything about medicine.

1. ____That man must be a doctor.
b. They finished their dinner an hour ago.
2. ____ That man might be a doctor.
c. He’s wearing a white coat.
3. ____ That man might not be a doctor.
d. I remember they booked a table at a restaurant for
4. ____ That man can’t be a doctor.
around now.
5. ____ They must be eating dinner now.
e. Perhaps they finished.
6. ____ They could well be eating dinner now.
f. Look – he’s listening to that man’s heart.
7. ____ They may not be eating dinner now.
g. They usually eat around his time.
8. ____ They can’t be eating dinner now.
NOW CHECK YOUR ANSWERS:
a. He doesn’t know anything about medicine.

1. _f_That man must be a doctor.
b. They finished their dinner an hour ago.
2. _c_ That man might be a doctor.
c. He’s wearing a white coat.
3. _h_ That man might not be a doctor.
d. I remember they booked a table at a restaurant for
4. _a_ That man can’t be a doctor.
around now.
5. _d_ They must be eating dinner now.
e. Perhaps they finished.
6. _g_ They could well be eating dinner now.
f. Look – he’s listening to that man’s heart.
7. _e_ They may not be eating dinner now.
g. They usually eat around this time.
8. _b_ They can’t be eating dinner now.
NOW YOUR TURN:
Read the sentence below and choose the possible deductions.
People are friendly here.
a. This must not be a nice neighborhood
b. This may be a nice neighborhood.
c. This could be a nice neighborhood.
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS:
:
People are friendly here.
This must not be a nice neighborhood
 This may be a nice neighborhood.
 This could be a nice neighborhood.
NOW YOUR TURN:
My neighbors have a large pool, so they…….

like swimming. They ……………….. invite me t
o swim there, too. I hope they do!
a. must
b. may
c. Can´t
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS:
My neighbors have a large pool, so they…….

like swimming. They ……………….. invite me t
o swim there, too. I hope they do!
a. must
b. may
c. Can´t
NOW YOUR TURN:
This apartment is on the top floor
a. It may have a nice view.
b. It can't have a nice view.
c. It could have a nice view.
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
This apartment is on the top floor
 It may have a nice view.
It can't have a nice view.
 It could have a nice view.
NOW YOUR TURN:
Complete the conversation selecting the best answer.
A: Kevin's apartment is in the basement of a house. It may be / might be being/

can´t be, cool and wet down there, like basements Sometimes are.
B: It couldn´t, can´t , must bother him. He loves his apartment.
A: l guess you're right. The apartment must, can can´t make him happy. He's
always talking about it.
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
Complete the conversation selecting the best answer.
.
A: Kevin's apartment is in the basement of a house. It may be cool and wet down there, Iike basements
Sometimes are.
B: It can´t bother him. He loves his apartment.
A: l guess you're right. The apartment must make him happy. He's always talking about it.
Lesson B: Quantifiers
A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or
quantity.
We usually use some in affirmative statements, and in questions that are offers.
We use any in negative statements and in other questions.
E.g.: There are some nice views from the hotel.

Would you like some coffee?
He doesn’t have any good music.
Does he speak any Spanish?
Lesson B: Quantifiers
We can also use no in positive sentences to talk about zero quantity.
E.g.: There is no crime around here.
To talk about zero quantity, we can use none of + plural / noncount or none.
E.g.: None of my friends could help.

A: How many vacations have you taken this year?
B: None at all.
Large quantity
• We use lots of / a lot of in positive sentences.

• Not many / not much / not a lot of in negative sentences
• many / much / a lot of in questions.
E.g.:
• There are quite a lot of cars on the road today.
• I haven’t got much money with me.
• Did many people come to the concert?
• We don’t need a lo of time to finish this work.
In affirmative sentence, we can use plenty of to show

we are happy with the amount
Don’t worry – we’ve got plenty of food
Small quantity
• We use a few / a little to talk about an amount. We use few / little to talk about negative
amount (i.e. there is not a lot):
• We have a little time before the show starts.

• I need a few things from the store.
We can say quite a few/ very few/ very little to increase/ decrease the amount.
• I have very little time to finish this work.

• This dish has very few ingredients.
too / not enough
• We use too much / too many + noun to say there is more than the right amount. We use
not enough to say that there is less than the right amount.
e.g.
I have too much furniture. There isn’t enough room for all of it!
I couldn’t move at the concert because there were too many people.
too / not enough
We also use too + adjective / adverb and not + adjective / adverb enough / enough +noun
• This suitcase is too heavy. They won’t let you on the plane.
• You’re walking too quickly. I can’t keep up!
• The meeting room isn’t big enough for all of us. There aren’t enough chairs.
• You’re not walking fast enough. Hurry up!
TIP
We use few with count nouns. We use little with noncount nouns.
E.g. A few friends/ a little money
We use (too) many with plural count nouns. We use (too) much with noncount
nouns.
E.g. too many potatoes/ too much soda
EXERCISES:
Complete the sentence selecting the best option.
There were much, little, a lot of

people in the park yesterday, but
because the park is large, there was
plenty of, any, many space for
everyone.
ANSWER:
Complete the sentence selecting the best option.
There were much, little, a lot of

people in the park yesterday, but
because the park is large, there was
plenty of, any, many space for
everyone.
EXERCISES:
Complete the sentence selecting the best option: much, many, too much, too many
A: Miguel has ………………………….. work to do this a

fternoon. He had to bring home eight books from
school.
B: How …………………… books?
A: Eight big, heavy textbooks!
B: That's …………………………… books to read in one
day!
EXERCISES:
Complete the sentence selecting the best option: much, many, too much, too many
A: Miguel has too much work to do this afternoon.

He had to bring home eight books from school.
B: How many books?
A: Eight big, heavy textbooks!
B: That's too many books to read in one day!
EXERCISES: Underline the correct quantifier in each sentence
1. We had any / no / none problems.

2. My parents read a lot / a lot of / much books.
3. I’m not tall enough / too / plenty to be a police officer.
4. There is too little / many / much noise in my block of flats. I can’t sleep.
5. You don’t go out little / many / enough. You should go out more.
6. I watch much / many / a lot of television.
7. A: Did you get much work done? B: Yes, a lot of / a lot / none.
8. A: Do you have any potatoes? B: No, I don´t have some / any / none.
9. I’ve been to quite many / few / a few countries.
10. It’s too much / too / enough hot in here. Can I open a window?
ANSWERS:
1. We had any / no / none problems.
2. My parents read a lot / a lot of / much books.
3. I’m not tall enough / too / plenty to be a police officer.
4. There is too little / many / much noise in my block of flats. I can’t sleep.
5. You don’t go out little / many / enough. You should go out more.
6. I watch much / many / a lot of television.
7. A: Did you get much work done? B: Yes, a lot of / a lot / none done.
8. A: Do you have any potatoes? B: No, I don’t have some / any / none.
9. I’ve been to quite many / few / a few countries.
10.It’s too much / too / enough hot in here. Can I open a window?
NOW YOUR TURN: Complete the second sentence so that it means the same
as the first sentence.
1. a: I want no visitors for the next 30 minutes.

b: I don’t want any visitors for the next 30 minutes.
2. a: There aren’t enough chairs for everyone.
b: There are too ___________________________
3. a: I want a biscuit, but there weren’t any left.
b: I wanted a biscuit, but there were ___________________
4. a: Make sure you take plenty of money.
b: Make sure you take a _____________________
5. a: They gave us too little information.
b: They didn’t __________________
6. a: I didn’t see many people.
b: I saw very _____________________
7. a: We didn’t have any money.
b: We had ____________________
ANSWERS:
1. a: I want no visitors for the next 30 minutes.
b: I don’t want any visitors for the next 30 minutes.
2. a: There aren’t enough chairs for everyone.
b: There are too __few chairs for everyone____
3. a: I want a biscuit, but there weren’t any left.
b: I wanted a biscuit, but there were ____none left__
4. a: Make sure you take plenty of money.
b: Make sure you take a ___lot of money__
5. a: They gave us too little information.
b: They didn’t ___give us enough information__
6. a: I didn’t see many people.
b: I saw very ___few people_
7. a: We didn’t have any money.
b: We had ___no money__
References:
American empower – Digital students book

America empower - Digital work book
American empower – Teacher Book.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org
UNIT 8:
INFORMATION
CONTENTS:
• Lesson A: Reported speech and direct speech.

Direct speech / Reported speech / Other changes
• Lesson B: Verb Patters
Verb + ing or to + infinitive / Other uses of verb + -ing
Lesson A: Reported speech
Direct speech Reported speech
I don’t want to talk to He said he didn’t want to talk to

you me.
When we talk about what somebody said or thought, we can use direct speech or reported
speech.
Lesson A: Reported speech
Direct speech Reported speech

I’m planning to resign. She said she was planning to resign.
I’ve already told you. He said he had already told me.
I saw you break it. I told him I had seen him break it.
I’m going to cook tonight. You said you were going to cook tonight.
I’ll see you soon. He said he would see me son.
I can’t hear you. She said she couldn’t hear me.
You may be right. He said I might be right.
Some verbs ( would / could / should / might) stay the same in the
reported speech.
I’d like to go. He said he’d like to go
It might be difficult She said It might be difficult
Reported questions
When you report a Wh-question, put the subject before the verb. Don’t use the auxiliary do /
does / did
•Where are you from? She asked me where I was from.

• Why did she say that? He asked me why she had said that
For yes/no questions, use if / whether. Whether is more formal than if:
• Are you going to help? We asked them if they were going to help
• Did you visit the London Eye? She asked us whether we have visited the London
Eye
Other changes
When we report speech, we usually need to change the pronouns ( e.g. I, he) and
possessives (e.g. my), depending on who is talking to whom. Time and place words may
also need to change:
“I want you to give this message to your boss tonight”
She said she wanted me to give a / the message to my boss that night.
TIP
You don’t need to change the tense when you want to show that the speaker’s words are still
true now:
I told you yesterday that I don’t want to talk to you. = (I still don’t want to talk to you today)
Say and tell have different patterns. Always use a person or pronoun after tell:
Tom said he had a new car. NOT Tom said that he had a new car.
Tom told me he had a new car. NOT Tom told he had a new car.
EXERCISE 1
Complete the reported speech.
1 “ I will never go to that hairdresser again," you said.
You said…………………………………. to that hairdresser again.
2 Kate asked John, "What are you going to buy
Kate asked John…………………………………….to buy
3 The editor said to me, "You may need to rewrite this story“
The editor told me……………………………………………. this story.
4 The interviewer asked me, "Have you ever written a blog?
The interviewer asked me……………………………………….. a blog.

ANSWER KEY
Complete the reported speech.
1 “ I will never go to that hairdresser again," you said.
You said… you would never go…. to that hairdresser again.
2 Kate asked John, "What are you going to buy
Kate asked John……what he was going…….to buy
3 The editor said to me, "You may need to rewrite this story“
The editor told me… to write…. this story.
4 The interviewer asked me, "Have you ever written a blog?
The interviewer asked me… if I had ever written….. a blog.

EXERCISE 2
Complete the reported speech with the correct verb form. Change the tense where possible.
1 "It's going to be a beautiful day. 1 He said it was going to be a beautiful day
2 "I don't want to go out this evening. 2 She told me she. ………….……………………that evening
3 "We' re waiting for you. 3 They said they…………….. …………………………………for us
4 "My sister can't drive." 4 She said her sister. ………………………………..
5 "I've lost my car keys." 5 She told me she ………………………………..her car keys
6 "Lucy might have a new job." 6 He said Lucy………………………………………….a new job
7 "PI help you with those bags." 7 He said he………………………………................me with my bags
8 "Mark bought a new car." 8 You told me that Mark………………………………a new car
ANSWER KEY
Complete the reported speech with the correct verb form. Change the tense where possible.
1 "It's going to be a beautiful day. 1 He said it was going to be a beautiful day
2 "I don't want to go out this evening. 2 She told me she. didn't want to go out…that evening
3 "We' re waiting for you. 3 They said they……were waiting…for us
4 "My sister can't drive." 4 She said her sister. …couldn't drive………..
5 She told me she ……had lost…..her car keys
5 "I've lost my car keys."
6 He said Lucy……might have…….a new job
6 "Lucy might have a new job."
7 He said he………would help.........me with my bags
7 "I¨d help you with those bags."
8 You told me that Mark……had bought………a new car
8 "Mark bought a new car."
Lesson B: Verb Patterns
Verb + -ing or to + infinitive
Complete the sentence
The server…..........ordering the fish, so I did. It wa

s delicious!
a) recommended
b) persuaded
c) offered
Verb + -ing or to + infinitive
Some verbs ( e.g. enjoy, mind, keep, admit, recommend, suggest,) are followed by a verb + -ing:
E.g.: The server recommended ordering the fish, so I did. It was delicious!
The negative form is not + verb+ -ing
She didn’t mind working late. I enjoy not cooking for a change.
Other verbs (e.g. want, hope, agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten, plan) are followed by
an infinitive.
E.g.: They threatened to tell the police.
:
The negative form is not + infinitive

E.g.: I promise not to break anything.
Some verbs (e.g. start, begin, continue) can be followed by both patterns, with no change
of meaning.
• People started arriving an hour ago.
• He started to feel angry.
Some verbs (e.g. try, forget, remember) can be followed by both patterns, but the meaning changes :
• I try reading some reviews online, but they didn´t help much (= I read them as an experiment)
• I try to read some reviews online, but my internet connection wasn’t working. (= I attempted to read them)
• I remember going there for the first time. (=I’m looking back at an earlier experience)
• Please remember to book a table. (=keep the plan in your memory)
Some verbs ( e.g. advise, ask, invite,

They warned me not to tell anyone.
remind, tell, warn) need an object I’ve invited your parents to visit us
before to + infinitive:
Make: (= force) and let (= allow) are

• My boss made me work late.
followed by an object and the base • He let me drive his car.
form:
Other uses of the verb + -ing
When a verb comes after a preposition (about, of, • I’m worried about not being good enough.
by), the verb is always in the-ing form: • They escaped by breaking a window.
When a verb is the subject of the sentence, it is Eating in a restaurant is more expensive than
usually in the –ing form at home.
Other uses of to + infinitive

Infinitive of purpose: Adjective + infinitive:
I went online to read the news. I was relieved to see I wasn’t late. Verb + question word + to + v:
I don’t know where to go or
who to ask.
Exercises Underline the correct option.
1. I agreed going / to go to the hospital.

2. He admitted to take / taking the money.
3. Remember to pick up / picking up the dry cleaning on your way home.
4. We tried making / to make some cakes but the oven wasn’t working.
5. I made the dog sit / sitting down.
6. Maria refused watching / to watch the scary film.
7. It’s important making / to make a reservation in advance.
8. They don’t mind walking / to walk home tonight.
9. We advised to take / them to take a short holiday.
10.When I was a kid, my mom always let me stay / to stay up late
ANSWER KEY:
1. I agreed going / to go to the hospital.
2. He admitted to take / taking the money.
3. Remember to pick / picking up the dry cleaning on your way home.
4. We tried making / to make some cakes but the oven wasn’t working.
5. I made the dog sit / sitting down.
6. Maria refused watching / to watch the scary film.
7. It’s important making / to make a reservation in advance.
8. They don’t mind walking / to walk home tonight.
9. We advised to have / them to have a short holiday.
10.When I was a kid, my mum always let me stay / to stay up late
References:
American Empower – Student´s book with online course –

American Empower – Teacher´s Book.
UNIT 9:
ENTERTAINMENT
Contents:
• Lesson A: The passive.
• Lesson B: Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clause
Lesson A: The Passive
We form the passive using be + past participle.
ACTIVE
Children read picture books.
PASSIVE
Picture books are read by children
.
A verb is in the passive voice when the subject receives the
action of the verb.
ACTIVE
A family with three kids bought the house next door.
PASSIVE
The house next door was bought by a family with three kids
• ACTIVE • PASSIVE
• They make a lot of movies in Hollywood. • A lot of movies are made in Hollywood.
• The scriptwriters are writing a new script • A new script is being written this week.
this week.
• The house has been sold for $1 million.
• The real estate agent has sold the house for
$1million. • There was an accident while the bridge
was being built.
• There was an accident while they were
building the bridge. • A movie will be made from the book.
• A movie studio will make a film from the • Our car was stolen at night.
book. • The work should be done by an expert.
• Somebody stole our car during the night.
• An expert should do the work.
We use passive verb forms:

• When the main thing we are talking about is the object of the verb.
A movie will be made from the book.
The book should be done by an expert. (We are talking about the
work, not the expert.)
• When the agent (the doer) isn’t important.
The house has been sold for $ 1 million. (We’re not interested in
the real state agent)
We use passive verb forms:
• When the agent (the doer) is very obvious.

A new script is being written this week. (by scriptwriters)
• When we don’t know who did something / what caused something.

Our car was stolen during the night.
Negative and questions are made in the same way as other uses of be:
Movies aren’t made here.
Is a film being made here?
We use by to introduce the person or thing that did the action (the agent):
This frame was drawn by one of the animators.
We usually use with to introduce a tool, instrument or technique that was used by the agent:
The pirate’s beard was controlled with a wire.

Lesson A: Tip
We can say something was made by hand or by machine:
This jumper was made by hand in Scotland.
EXERCISES:
Complete the passive sentences. Don´t include any agents that are in parentheses.
1. Ryan Coogler directed directed Black Panther 1. Black Panther was directed by Ryan Coogler.
2. (People) still make these shoes by hand. 2. These shoes are still made by hand.
3. (They) will build a new bridge next year. 3. A new _________________________ .
4. My grandfather gave me this watch. 4. I______________________.
5. (We) ´ve told everybody to be here on time. 5. Everybody ______________________.
6. (People) will laugh at you if you wear that hat. 6. You ___________________________.
7. A computer program creates the special effects. 7. The special effects ________________.
8. My parents are looking after our dog this week. 8. Our dog ________________________.
9. (They) offered me $1000 for my painting. 9. I ______________________________.
10. (Somebody) was repairing my car at the time. 10. My car _________________________.
EXERCISES:
Complete the passive sentences. Don´t include any agents that are in parentheses.
1. Ryan Coogler directed directed Black Panther 1. Black Panther was directed by Ryan Coogler.
2. (People) still make these shoes by hand. 2. These shoes are still made by hand.
3. (They) will build a new bridge next year. 3. A new bridge will be built next year .
4. My grandfather gave me this watch. 4. I was given this watch by my grandfather.
5. (We) ´ve told everybody to be here on time. 5. Everybody has been told to be here on time.
6. (People) will laugh at you if you wear that hat. 6. You will be laughed at if you wear that hat.
7. A computer program creates the special effects. 7. The special effects are created by a computer program.
8. My parents are looking after our dog this week. 8. Our dog is being looked after by my parents this week.
9. (They) offered me $1000 for my painting. 9. I was offered $1000 for my painting.
10. (Somebody) was repairing my car at the time. 10. My car was being repaired at the time.
Rewrite the sentences as either Yes/No questions (?) or
NOW YOUR TURN: negative (-).
1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport
2. The painting’s already been sold. 2. (?) Has the painting already been sold?
3. The work will be finished by Saturday. 3. (-) _________________________ .
4. The movie´s being made in Brazil. 4. (?) _________________________.
5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) _________________________ .
6. The car was being driven too fast. 6. (-) _________________________.
7. The costumes were made by hand. 7. (?) _________________________.
8. The sculpture has been taken to the museum. 8. (-) _________________________.
ANSWER KEY
1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport
2. The painting’s already been sold. 2. (?) Has the painting already been sold?
3. The work will be finished by Saturday. 3. (-) The work won’t be finished by Saturday .
4. The movie´s been made in Brazil. 4. (?) Has the movie being made in Brazil?.
5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) Are tomatoes grown in Spain? .
6. The car was being driven too fast. 6. (-) The car wasn’t being driven too fast.
7. The costumes were made by hand. 7. (?) Were the costumes made by hand?.
8. The sculpture has been taken to the museum. 8. (-) The sculpture hasn’t been taken to the museum.
Lesson B: Defining relative clauses.
Defining relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking
about.
They have two sons who are doctors and one who is an
architect
The meaning is that there are more sons in the family
Lesson B: Non-defining relative clauses.
Non-defining relative clauses provide some additional information that is not essential and may be omitted without
affecting the contents of the sentence.
They have two sons, who are doctors.
The meaning is that there are no more sons in the family
Lesson B: Definig and Non-defining relative clauses.
• In defining relative clause, we can use that instead of who or which

I love music that makes people dance.
I hate books which don´t have happy endings.
My dad met the woman who reads the news on TV yesterday!
They’re the couple that I told you about
• In Non-defining relative clauses, the information is not necessary for the sentence
to make sense:
The DJ was playing hip hop (This sentence is complete)
The DJ was playing hip hop, which is my favorite kind of music. (This relative clause adds more
information.)
Lesson B: Defining Vs Non-defining relative clauses.
DEFINING NON-DEFINING
• NO COMMAS • BETWEEN COMMAS
NECESSARY INFORMATION. Essential to distinguish which EXTRA INFORMATION. Not necessary to distinguish which thing or person
thing or person we are tal king about. we are talking about.
I called my brother who lives in Ontaria. My brother, who lives in Ontaria, is older
(=I have more than one brother and I called the one that lives in (=I have only one brother and I’m just mentioning that he lives in Ontario)
Ontario)
• WE CAN USE THAT • WE CAN´T USE THAT
We CAN use THAT Instead of WHO/WHICH. We CANNOT use THAT instead of WHO/WHICH.
That's the mug WHICH / THAT I bought in Paris. These bikes, WHICH cost a fortune, are made in Japan. (NOT that cost a furtune)
I didn't know the man WHO/THAT was there.
Lesson B: Defining Vs Non-defining relative clauses.
DEFINING NON-DEFINING
• RELATIVE PRONOUNS CAN BE OMITTED • RELATIVE PRONOUNS CANNOT BE OMITTED
We CAN omit WHO/WHICH/THAT when they are We CANNOT omit WHO/WHICH

followed by SUBJECT VERB
They introduced me to John, who I liked immediately.
Do you like the song (WHICH/THAT) I wrote?
(NOT John I liked immediately)
That's the man (WHO/THAT) I like.
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
EXERCISES:
• Complete the sentences with a word below, more than one answer is possible
that which who where when whose
1. I love people _________ can make me laugh.
2. I told Paula my secret ______ she then told anyone!
3. The movie ______ I saw was really good.
4. Yesterday was he day ______ when everything went wrong.
5. This album, _____ came out in 1967, has some great songs.
6. Mark is the person _____ father used to be a singer.
7. The store _____ I bought this T-shirt has closed now.
8. I met Sara, _____ husband I work with, yesterday.
ANSWER KEY: Defining and non-defining relative clauses
• Complete the sentences with a word below, more than one answer is possible.
that which who where when whose
1. I love people _who /that_ can make me laugh.
2. I told Paula my secret _which_ she then told anyone!
3. The movie __that/ which (or no relative pronoun)_ I saw was really good.
4. Yesterday was he day _when_ when everything went wrong.
5. This album, _which_ came out in 1967, has some great songs.
6. Mark is the person _whose_ father used to be a singer.
7. The store _where_ I bought this T-shirt has closed now.
8. I met Sara, _whose_ husband I work with, yesterday.

EXERCISES Rewrite the sentences adding the information in brackets as a defining
relative clauses. Leave out who, which or that if possible.
1. I like the tune. (You were singing it) 1. I like the tune you were singing.
2. That’s the DJ. (he was here two week ago) 2. _________________________ .
3. We need music (It makes you want to dance) 3. _________________________ .
4. That’s the stage. (We’re going to perform there)
4. _________________________ .
5. I download new song. (You’ll like it)
5. _________________________ .
6. What did you think of the music? (I chose it)
6. _________________________ .
7. What’s the name of your friend? (You borrowed his
earbuds) 7. _________________________ .
8. The song changed my life. (It’s playing on the radio)
8. _________________________
ANSWER KEY Rewrite the sentences adding the information in brackets as a defining
relative clauses. Leave out who, which or that if possible.
1. I like the tune. (You were singing it) 1. I like the tune you were singing.
2. That’s the DJ. (he was here two week ago) 2. That's the DJ who was here two weeks ago.
3. We need music (It makes you want to dance) 3. We need music that/which makes you want to dance.
4. That’s the stage. (We’re going to perform there) 4. That's the stage where we're going to perform.
5. I download a new song. (You’ll like it) 5. I downloaded a new song you'll like.
6. What did you think of the music? (I chose it) 6. What did you think of the music I chose?
7. What’s the name of your friend? (You borrowed his
7. What's the name of your friend whose earbuds you
earbuds)
borrowed?
8. The song changed my life. (It’s playing on the radio)
8. The song playing on the radio changed my life.
References:
American Empower – Students book with online course – Second edition – 2018.
American Empower – Teacher Book.
UNIT 10:
OPPORTUNITIES
Contents:
• 10 A: Present and future unreal conditionals.
• 10 B: Past unreal conditional
Lesson A: Present and future unreal conditionals
We use present and future unreal conditionals to talk about imagined events or states and
their consequences. They can be about the unreal present or the unlikely future.
Real present Unreal present and consequence

I don’t know the answer. If I knew the answer. I’d tell you.
Likely future Unlikely / imagined future and consequence
She won’t find out that you lied. She would be angry if she found out you had lied.
We usually use the past simple in the if-clause and would in

the main clause.
We can also use could or might instead of would:
• You could afford to go on holiday if you were more careful with your money.
• If you tried harder, you might win a medal.
The verb be can have a special form in present and future conditionals. We can use were for
all persons ( If I were you, If you were, If she were, etc.)
If I were taller, I’d be better at basketball.
We use the phrase If I were you to give advice.
If I were you, I wouldn’t eat that fish. It doesn’t smell fresh.
We don’t always need to include the If-clause if the meaning is clear:

E.g.: Look at that house! That would be a good place to live. (… if we moved there)
I’m sure Jack would help you. (… if you asked)
Tips
When talking about the future, you can usually choose between the real and unreal future
conditional.
Use the future real conditional if you think a If we score one more point, we’ll win.
future event is likely. (I think there’s a good chance of this)
Use the future unreal conditional if you think If we scored one more point, we’d win.
it is unlikely. (I think It’s too difficult to do this)
The contracted form of would ('d) is the same as the contracted form of had.
You can tell the difference by looking at the verb that comes next.
´d+ past participle: He'd won (= had won) the match.
´d+ infinitive: He'd win (= would win) the match.
EXERCISE 1:
Match the sentence beginnings 1-8 with the most logical endings a-h
1. If I had more money, a. She might change her mind

2 .I´d be grateful b. more people would like him
3. If I were you, c. I could eat in restaurants more often
4. If you asked her again nicely d. If I spoke better English
5. I wouldn't be so relaxed e. if we didn't invite her.
6. If he weren't so rude, f. l'd complain to your boss
7. I could get a better job g. if you didn't tell anybody my secret
8. Angela would be really sad h. If l had an exam tomorrow
ANSWER KEY:
Match the sentence beginnings 1-8 with the most logical endings a-h
1. If I had more money, c. I could eat in restaurants more often

2 .I´d be grateful g. if you didn't tell anybody my secret
3. If I were you, f. l'd complain to your boss
4. If you asked her again nicely a. She might change her mind.
5. I wouldn't be so relaxed h. If l had an exam tomorrow
6. If he weren't so rude, b. more people would like him.
7. I could get a better job d. If I spoke better English.
8. Angela would be really sad e. if we didn't invite her.
EXERCISE 2
Underline the correct option
1. I´d go I went swimming more if I'd have / I had time.

2. If I'd know / I knew his number, I'd call / I called him.
3. Would/ Did you mind if I'd ask / I asked you a question?
4. If you wouldn't / didn't have a car, how would / did you get around?
5 .You'd be / You were a lot healthier if you wouldn't / didn't eat so much.
6. If I'd be / I were you, I'd get / I got some new shoes.
7. What would / did you do if you'd see / you saw a fire?
8. If someone would treat / treated you like that, how would / did you feel?
ANSWER KEY
Underline the correct option
1. I´d go I went swimming more if I'd have / I had time.

2. If I'd know / I knew his number, I'd call / I called him.
3. Would / Did you mind if I'd ask / I asked you a question?
4. If you wouldn't / didn't have a car, how would / did you get around?
5 .You'd be / You were a lot healthier if you wouldn't / didn't eat so much.
6. If I'd be / I were you, I'd get / I got some new shoes.
7. What would / did you do if you'd see / you saw a fire?
8. If someone would treat / treated you like that, how would / did you feel?
Lesson A: Past unreal conditionals
We use past unreal conditionals to talk about imagined past events or states and their
consequences.
If you'd told me about your birthday, I would have bought you a present
.
Real past Unreal past and consequence
I didn’t know the answer. If I´d known the answer. I’d have done better on the exam.
Lou didn´t work hard. If Loud had would worked harder, he would have earned more
money.
We usually use the past perfect in the if-clause and would

have + past participle in the main clause.
Lesson B: Past unreal conditionals
We can also use could have or might have instead of would have:
• We could have saved some money if we´d known about the offer.
• If I´d had done more work, I might have passed the exam.
COMMON USES OF PAST UNREAL CONDITIONALS
1. Regrets about things that happened or didn't happen in the past:

If l'd sold my house two years ago, l'd have made a fortune.
2. Relief about avoiding a past problem:

I might have missed the flight if you hadn't woken me up.
3. Surprise about how things were different than expected:
If you'd told me five years ago l´d have my Own company one day, I wouldn't have
believed you.
Exercise 1
What does ‘d mean in each sentence? Write had or would.

1. If you’d (had) told me earlier, we’d ( would ) have saved a lot time.
2. I don´t know what I´d (___) have done if you hadn´t helped me.
3. We might have been seriously hurt if you´d (___) crashed.
4. If she’d (___) have gotten the job if she ‘d (___) applied for it.
5. If I’d (___) have loved to go to the party, but I wasn’t (___) invited.
Answer key
What does ‘d mean in each sentence? Write had or would.

1. If you’d (had) told me earlier, we’d ( would ) have saved a lot time.
2. I don´t know what I´d (would) have done if you hadn´t helped me.
3. We might have been seriously hurt if you´d (had) crashed.
4. If she’d (would ) have gotten the job if she ‘d (had) applied for it.
5. If I’d (would) have loved to go to the party, but I wasn’t invited.
Exercise 2
1. Real past: I didn't win the competition because I made a stupid mistake.
Unreal past: If l hadn´t made a stupid mistake, I would have won the competition
2. Real past: He went to live in Japan. While he was there, he met his wife.
Unreal past: If he ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Real past: The car broke down, so we couldn't go to the concert.
Unreal past: We………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Real past: I didn't go to see the movie because l didn't know it was so good.
Unreal past: I……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Real past: You didn't take my advice, so you got lost.
Unreal past: If……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Real past: You helped me so much. That's why I was so successful.
Unreal past: I wouldn't………………………………………………………………………….……………..
Answer key
1. Real past: I didn't win the competition because I made a stupid mistake.
Unreal past: If l hadn´t made a stupid mistake, I would have won the competition
2. Real past: He went to live in Japan. While he was there, he met his wife.
Unreal past: If he hadn´t gone to the concert, he wouldn’t have met his wife.
3. Real past: The car broke down, so we couldn't go to the concert.
Unreal past: We could have gone to the concert if the car hadn´t broken down.
4. Real past: I didn't go to see the movie because l didn't know it was so good.
Unreal past: I would have gone to see the movie if I´d known it was so good.
5. Real past: You didn't take my advice, so you got lost.
Unreal past: If you had taken my advice, you wouldn´t have gotten lost.
6. Real past: You helped me so much. That's why I was so successful.
Unreal past: I wouldn't have been so successful if you hadn´t helped me so much.
References:
• American Empower – Student book second edition – 2018.
• American Empower – Teacher Book.
• https://dictionary.cambridge.org

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UNIT 7:

House and Home

1. We must be early. Nobody else has arrived yet.

Different modal verbs tell us how sure about a deduction we are:

It’s cold in that house Fact: I know it is.

1. ____That man must be a doctor. a. He doesn’t know anything about medicine.

5. ____ They must be eating dinner now. around now.

a. He doesn’t know anything about medicine.

a. He doesn’t know anything about medicine.

People are friendly here.

a. This must not be a nice neighborhood

b. This may be a nice neighborhood.

c. This could be a nice neighborhood.

People are friendly here.

This must not be a nice neighborhood

 This may be a nice neighborhood.

 This could be a nice neighborhood.

My neighbors have a large pool, so they…….

My neighbors have a large pool, so they…….

This apartment is on the top floor

a. It may have a nice view.

b. It can't have a nice view.

c. It could have a nice view.

This apartment is on the top floor

 It may have a nice view.

It can't have a nice view.

 It could have a nice view.

A: Kevin's apartment is in the basement of a house. It may be / might be being/

B: It couldn´t, can´t , must bother him. He loves his apartment.

B: It can´t bother him. He loves his apartment.

E.g.: There are some nice views from the hotel.

We can also use no in positive sentences to talk about zero quantity.

E.g.: There is no crime around here.

E.g.: None of my friends could help.

• We use lots of / a lot of in positive sentences.

In affirmative sentence, we can use plenty of to show

• We have a little time before the show starts.

• I have very little time to finish this work.

E.g. A few friends/ a little money

E.g. too many potatoes/ too much soda

There were much, little, a lot of

There were much, little, a lot of

A: Miguel has ………………………….. work to do this a

A: Miguel has too much work to do this afternoon.

1. We had any / no / none problems.

1. a: I want no visitors for the next 30 minutes.

American empower – Digital students book

• Lesson A: Reported speech and direct speech.

Direct speech Reported speech

I don’t want to talk to He said he didn’t want to talk to

Direct speech Reported speech

I’d like to go. He said he’d like to go

It might be difficult She said It might be difficult

•Where are you from? She asked me where I was from.

“I want you to give this message to your boss tonight”

1 “ I will never go to that hairdresser again," you said.

You said…………………………………. to that hairdresser again.

2 Kate asked John, "What are you going to buy

Kate asked John…………………………………….to buy