21 CENTURY OF

ST

THE PHILIPPINES
AND THE WORLD
LESSON
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:
1. demonstrate understanding of a short

OUTLIN story;
2. analyze a short story by identifying its

E basic elements;
3. appreciate the use of multimedia in
sharing the lessons learned from a short
story; and
4. perform a self or peer assessment in
evaluating one’s work.
EXERCISE
 You will be reading a short story entitled “Sinigang” by Marie
Aubrey J. Villaceran, a professor at the Department of English and
Comparative Literature at the University of the Philippines,
Diliman. Read and learn more about the story and find out how the
basic elements of a short story are used.
 SINIGANG
Marie Aubrey J.
Villaceran
GROUP WORK
DIRECTIONS: Study the following questions carefully and write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Where did the story happen?
2. Who were the characters in the story?
3. What do you think led to the emotional separation of Liza from her
father?
4. What was the most interesting part of the story?
5. What was the story about?
6. Who narrated the story?
• SETTING
-At the Kitchen where Liza is cooking sinigang with her aunt and
-at the funeral of her half-brother in Bulacan

• CHARACTERS
- Liza - Liza’s mother and Father,
- Meg (Liza’s younger sister) - Lem (Liza’s half-brother)
- Sylvia - Tita Loleng ( Liza’s Aunt)
• PLOT
*EXPOSITION: Liza is helping her aunt to cook Sinigang while her
aunt, Tita Loleng is asking her about the happenings in her half-
brother’s funeral.
*RISING ACTION: Liza met Sylvia, her father’s mistress and the
mother of Lem, held her hand, and begged for her understanding
since Liza wanted Sylvia to let go of her hand. She pretended to
understand and Sylvia unexpectedly hugged her, she did not move
even though she wanted to get away from Sylvia
• PLOT
.*CLIMAX: She remembered when her father came out of the room,
he approached Liza and talked to her, saying he was glad that Liza
came and talked about how Lem was an acolyte in church and a
good child. She however was regarded by her father as a
“Sinverguenza”, a shameless daughter which made her irritated and
mashed hard.
• PLOT
*FALLING ACTION: Her Tita Loleng finally stopped asking her questions
about the funeral which made her sigh in relief then she continued to
prepare the ingredients and cooked them. While cooking Sinigang she
remembers her father crying and thinks if her father would be the same if
she was the one who passed away.
*RESOLUTION: Her father said sorry and finally she finished cooking the
Sinigang that would be served during their dinner. As she imagined how
they were on good terms and happy before that her father would
compliment her in the way she cooked the dish, and she would smile at
him.
• POINT OF VIEW

It is a First-Person Point of View because Liza, herself is the

narrator of the story.
• CONFLICT
Liza became emotionally distant from her father knowing
about her father’s mistress and her half-brother.

• THEME
Everyone makes mistakes, learns to forgive, and accepts what
has already happened.
It is a wonderful story indeed. But the question is, what are the moral
lessons you can get from the story?

• Forgive and forget

- Each one of us commits mistakes that can hurt anyone. But the
only thing that will make your life peaceful is that you need to learn
how to forgive. We need to forget who hurt us but never forget what
lesson they left to us. We must remember that when we forgive, we
recover and grow as a person.
• Be Faithful
- In the story, we saw the negative effects of having an extramarital
affair with someone. The one who suffers the most is not the 1st
party but their child.

Life is not full of happy endings. But, it is our choice on how we

will face the obstacles of life. Keep in mind the quote of Professor
Dumbledore from the Harry Potter series. “Happiness can be
found, even in the darkest of times, if one only remembers to turn on
the light.”
BASIC
ELEMENTS OF A
SHORT STORY
Character
– A character in a short story is a person, in some stories an
animal, who takes part in the action of the story or other literary
work.
- The way an author develops the character in a story is very
important in making the story appeal to the readers.
- It is said that the heart of the story is the characters.
a. The protagonist is considered the main character or the most
important of all the characters. It is the character who learns
something or undergoes some changes throughout the course of
the story. Some stories depict the protagonist as the hero of the
story.
b. The antagonist is the character that challenges the main
character. It has no concern for the well-being of the main
character. The antagonist may be a person, nature, society, or any
intangible matter that contends with or creates a problem for the
protagonist.

c. Tertiary Character: These are the minor characters who fill

out the larger world of the story but they’re not crucial elements
of the larger narrative.
d. Love interest: The love interest is the protagonist’s object of
desire.

e. Confidant: This type of character is the best friend or sidekick

of the protagonist.
f. Foil: A foil character primarily exists to bring the protagonist’s
qualities into sharper relief. This is because the foil is effectively
the opposite of the protagonist. Draco Malfoy is a foil to Harry
Potter.
Setting– The place (locale) and time (period) when the story
happens is called the setting. The setting may be based on real
place and real time or it may also be based on the author’s
imagination. Most authors use descriptive words to describe the
landscape, scenery, buildings, season, or weather to provide a
strong sense of setting which will help the reader visualize the
story and connect to the story’s plot.
Plot– A plot is the actual story. It is what the story is all about.
It is also the series of events and characters’ actions that lead to
the highest point of interest in a short story. The following are the
different parts of a story’s structure:

a. Exposition – This is the beginning of the story. This is where

the author introduces the characters, identifies where the story is
happening, and establishes the main conflict.
b. Rising Action – This event occurs as you begin to move
throughout the story. This is where conflicts start to build.
c. Climax – It is the most exciting part of a short story. This is
the part in the story when important decisions are made or
important things are discovered.
d. Falling Action – This point occurs after the climax as the
problems in the story start to work themselves out. The
excitement becomes less and less as the conflict is resolved.
b. Resolution – This is the solution to the problem in a story.
The solution may not be what you hoped for but as long as it
fits the story in tone and theme, the conflict has been resolved.
Conflict– Every story needs to have a problem and this problem
is called conflict. The main character, also called the protagonist,
needs to have someone or something to challenge him. Without
conflict, the story will not go anywhere and will not be very
interesting to the readers. The main character may be faced with
one of the four different types of conflict.
These four types of conflict are:

• man versus man;

• man versus nature;
• man versus himself; and
• man versus society.
Theme- This is the central idea in a short story and a general
truth. This is considered as the author’s message to the readers.

Point of View – This is the way the story is told or narrated. It is

also known as the vantage point that a writer uses to narrate the
story.
a. First Person – the narrator participates in and tells the story
using the pronoun ‘I’.
b. Limited Third Person – the narrator is not in the story and
narrates using the pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. Also, the narrator is
unable to see into the minds of the characters.
c. Omniscient Third Person – the narrator is not in the story and
tells the story using the pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. In this point of
view, the narrator can tell the thoughts of the characters as he
can see into their minds.
LESSON
you are expected to:
• Recognize representative texts and
authors from Asia and Africa

OUTLIN • Write a close analysis or critical

interpretation of literary texts

E • Appreciate the
diversity of
aesthetic and cultural
the Asian and African
literature
EXERCISE
Directions: Give the capital of the following
country.
 CHINA

CAPITAL:
 CHINA

CAPITAL: BEIJING
VIETNAM

CAPITAL:
 VIETNAM

CAPITAL: HANOI
TAIWAN

CAPITAL:
 TAIWAN

CAPITAL: TAIPEI
 INDIA

CAPITAL:
 INDIA

CAPITAL: NEW DELHI

 CHAD

CAPITAL:
 CHAD

CAPITAL: N’DJAMENA
NIGERIA

CAPITAL:
 NIGERIA

CAPITAL: ABUJA
TURKEY

CAPITAL:
 TURKEY

CAPITAL: ANKARA
ISRAEL

CAPITAL:
 ISRAEL

CAPITAL: JERUSALEM
 EGYPT

CAPITAL:
 EGYPT

CAPITAL: CAIRO
SUDAN

CAPITAL:
 SUDAN

CAPITAL: KHARTOUM
TUNISIA

CAPITAL:
 TUNISIA

CAPITAL: TUNIS
SOUTH AFRICA

CAPITAL:
 SOUTH AFRICA

CAPITAL: The administrative capital of

South Africa is Pretoria, the legislative capital
is Cape Town,and the judicial capital is
Bloemfontein.
ANGOLA

CAPITAL:
 ANGOLA

CAPITAL: Luanda
SAUDI ARABIA

CAPITAL:
SAUDI ARABIA

CAPITAL: Riyadh
Representative Texts and Authors from Asia, the largest
continent in the world, have a vast literary tradition in terms
of scope and length of existence.

Literature in the Eastern Hemisphere prospered and mirrored

the developments in religion, war, and politics. It is wise to
study the Asian literature by geographical region.
EAST ASIA
China,
• started its unbroken literary tradition in the 14th century
BCE.
• preservation of the Chinese language (both spoken and
written)
• the Tang Dynasty (618-907) was the finest era of Chinese
literature.
• Chinese writers in modern times are still creative and
 Du Fu
-He is also known as Tu Fu. According to many literary
critics, he was the greatest Chinese poet of all time.
-He wrote the poem “The Ballad of the Army Cats” which is
about conscription—and with hidden satire that speaks of the
noticeable luxury of the court.
 Li Po
-He is also known as Li Bai, a Chinese poet who is a
competitor of Du Fu as China’s greatest poet.
-He was romantic in his personal life and his poetry. His
works are known for their conversational tone and vivid
imagery.
-He wrote the poem “Alone and Drinking under the Moon”
which deals with the ancient social custom of drinking.
 Wang Wei
-He was a poet, painter, musician, and statesman during the
Tang dynasty (the golden age of Chinese cultural history).
-He was the established founder of the respected Southern
school of painter-poets.
-Many of his best poems were inspired by the local
landscape.
 Mo Yan
-He was a fictionist who won the 2012 Nobel Prize for
Literature.
-His first novel was “Red Sorghum”, and still his best-known
work.
-It tells the story of the Chinese battling Japanese intruders as
well as each other during the 1930s.
-It relates the story of a family in a rural area in Shandong
Korea’s literary tradition
• is greatly influenced by China’s cultural dominance.
• 4th century CE, Korean poets wrote literary pieces in Classical
Chinese poetry.
• Hangul, Korea’s distinct writing system and national alphabet,
was developed in the 15th century and gave new beginnings to
Korean literature.
• In contemporary times, the Korean War has made a significant
mark on Korean literature.
 Ch’oe Nam-Seon
-He was considered a prominent historian, pioneering poet, and
publisher in Korean literature.
-He was also a leading member of the modern literary movement
and became notable for pioneering modern Korean poetry. One of
his works, the poem "The Ocean to the Youth” made him a widely
acclaimed poet.
-The poem aimed to produce cultural reform. He sought to bring
modern knowledge about the world to the youth of Korea.
 Yi Kwang-su
-He was also the one who launched the modern literary movement
together with Ch’oe Nam-Seon.
-He was a novelist and wrote the first Korean novel “The
Heartless” and became well-known because of it.
-It was a description of the crossroads at which Korea found itself,
stranded between tradition and modernity, and undergoing conflict
between social realities and traditional ideals.
 Kim Ok
-He was a Korean poet and was included in the early
modernism movement of Korean poetry.
-He wrote the first Korean collection of translations from
Western poetry “The Dance of Agony”.
Japan
• has a rich and unique literary history
• influenced by the Chinese language and Chinese literature.
• haiku ( a short descriptive poem with 17 syllables)
• Noh (traditional Japanese theatrical form and one of the oldest
extant theatrical forms in the world)
• Kabuki (traditional Japanese popular drama with singing and
dancing performed in a highly stylized manner).
Japanese literature
• reflects simple yet complex, imperfect yet abounding with beauty
– the traditional Japanese cultural identity.
• In contemporary times, Western influences take part in Japanese
literature, specifically in the pioneering of modern Japanese
novels, translations of poetry, and reinventions of traditional
Japanese poetic forms like haiku and tanka.
 Abe Kobo
-He was a Japanese novelist and playwright and also known by the
pseudonym of Abe Kimifusa.
-He wrote the best-known play "Tomodachi" (Friends) which is a
story, with dark humor, reveals the relationship with the other, and
exposes the peculiarity of human relations in the present age."
-He also won the 1967 Akutagawa Award. He also won the 1951
Akutagawa Award for his short novel Kabe (“The Wall”).
 Kimitake Hiraoka
- He is also known by the pen name Mishima Yukio, the most important
Japanese novelist of the 20th century. He was one of the finalists of the
1963 Nobel Prize for Literature and won numerous awards for his works.
He wrote the novel “The Temple of the Golden Pavilion” and won the
Yomiuri Prize from the Yomiuri Newspaper Corporation for the best
novel. “The Temple of the Golden Pavilion”, translated into the English
language by Ivan Morris, is based on the burning of the Reliquary (or
Golden Pavilion) of Kinkaku-Ji in Kyoto by a young Buddhist acolyte in
1950.
 Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
-He was a Japanese writer and regarded as the Father of the
Japanese short story. He wrote the short story “Rashomon” that
recounts the encounter between a servant and an old woman in the
dilapidated Rashōmon, the southern gate of the then-ruined city of
Kyoto, where unclaimed corpses were sometimes dumped.
-The Akutagawa Prize, Japan’s premier literary award was named
after him to honor his memory after he died by committing
suicide.
MIDDLE EAST ASIA
Arabic literary tradition
• Middle East.
• Islam is the foundation of culture in this region - an essential
component.
• In contemporary times, Arabic writers experience difficulties in
producing their literary texts due to the issue of freedom of
expression and the tension between religious and secular
movements.
 Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad
-He was an Egyptian poet, journalist, and literary critic, an
innovator of 20th-century Arabic poetry and criticism.
-He became famous for his Abqariyat series, a seven-book
compilation that covers the life of seven of the most important
Sahabah (the disciples and followers of Muhammad).
 Taha Hussein
-He was an Egyptian novelist, essayist, critic, and an outstanding
figure in Egyptian literature.
-His nickname was “The Dean of Arabic Literature”. He wrote the
novelized autobiography “The Days”, one of the most popular
works of modern Arabic literature that deals with his childhood in
a small village, then his studies in Egypt and France.
 Ali Ahmad Said Esber
- He is known also as Adonis his pseudonym. He is an award-
winning Syrian-born Lebanese poet, and literary critic, and is a
leader of the modernist movement in contemporary Arabic poetry.
He was the recipient of numerous honors, including the 2011
Goethe Prize and the 2017 PEN/Nabokov Award for Achievement
in International. Some of his famous poems are “First Poems” and
“Leaves in the Wind”.
 Etgar Keret
-He is an Israeli writer known for his short stories, graphic novels,
and scriptwriting for film and television.
-His 2019 Fly Already (“Glitch at the Edge of the Galaxy”)
published in English won Israel’s prestigious Sapir Prize in
Literature.
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST
ASIA
The Literary Traditions of Southeast Asia
• Influences of Buddhist, Thai, and English cultures
• Malaysian and Indonesian literature reflects a large part of the Sanskrit
language and Islamic culture.
• In contemporary times, India still manifests the impact of colonial rule
through the presence of the English language in literary traditions.
• Southeast Asia literature presents themes on colonial and postcolonial
experiences
India
• Cultural giant of South Asia.
• Hallmark writings such as the Veda, the Brahmanas, and the
Upanishads are the roots of Indian literature.
• 1500 BCE, the Veda was written
• 16th century, written literature in India appeared.
• In the succeeding centuries of British colonization, English
literature emerged that happened to be a significant influence on
Indian literary traditions until the 21st century period.
 Rabindranath Tagore
-He was a Bengali poet, short-story writer, song composer,
playwright, essayist, and painter. He was referred to as “the Bard
of Bengal”. He is a towering figure of world literature and the
most famous modern Indian poet.
-He won the 1913 Nobel Prize for Literature award for his book
The English Gitanjali or Song Offerings. It is a volume of poetry
which is a collection of devotional songs to the supreme.
 Dhanpat Rai Srivastava
-Also known by his pseudonym Prem Chand, he is a famous
Indian author of novels and short stories of his modern Hindustani
literature. He pioneered in adapting Indian themes to Western
literary styles. He wrote the most popular Hindi novel “Godaan”
(Cow Donation) and considered one of the greatest Hindi novels
of modern Indian literature.
-Its theme was around the socio-economic deprivation as well as
the exploitation of the village poor.
 Chart Korbjitti
-He is the most successful Thai writer. He was recognized for the
publication of his novel Khamphiphaksa (The Judgment). His
novel was named Book of the Year by Thailand's Literature
Council and won him the S.E.A Write Award.
-He was awarded the National Artist in Literature (2004) and was
among the honorees of the inaugural Silpathorn Award, given to
Thai contemporary artists.
 Nguyen Du
-The best-loved poet and the father of Vietnamese literature, he
was most known for his epic poem “The Tale of Kieu” which
recounts the life, trials, and tribulations of Thuy Kieu, a
beautiful and talented young woman, who has to sacrifice herself
to save her family.
-She sells herself into marriage with a middle-aged man, not
knowing that he is a pimp, and is forced into prostitution.
 Tengku Amir Hamzah
-He was an Indonesian poet and National Hero of Indonesia. His
poem collection “Nyangi Sunyi” is considered the most developed
and shows the theme of God and His relationship to humanity,
fate, dissatisfaction, and escape.
-Some literary critics think that the collection is an attempt to
address the worldly problems of Amir. He was the only
Indonesian poet recognized internationally.
CENTRAL ASIA
Central Asian literature
• has different literary characteristics and political culture.
• In contemporary times, Russian influence continues to be
present in Central Asia literature.
• Some of the Central Asian writers and their literary works
pave their way to be known worldwide.
 Abdullah Qodiriy He was known by the pseudonym Julqunboy.
He was one of the most influential Uzbek writers of the 20th
century and Soviet playwright, poet, writer, and literary translator.
His most famous work is the historical novel O’tgan kunlar (Days
Gone By), the first Uzbek full-length novel.

 Mukhtar Auez-uli He was an early Soviet Kazakh writer and

won recognition for the long novel “Abay” which is based on the
life and poetry of Kunanbay-uli.
 Chingiz Aytmatov He was a Soviet and Kyrgyz author and the
best-known figure in Kyrgyz and Russian literature. “Jamila”, his
first major novel was told from the viewpoint of a fictional
character who tells the story by looking back on his childhood.

 The story recounts the love between his new sister-in-law Jamilya
and a local crippled young man, Daniyar, while Jamilya's
husband, Sadyk, is "away at the front" (as a Soviet soldier during
World War II).
 Representative Texts and Authors from Africa

• Africa has a literature that is filled with the human spirit,

desiring freedom and contentment.
• African literature consists of oral tradition and written
literature ranging from local languages brought by the
colonizers (English, Portuguese, and French).
• The experiences of the colonization and post-colonization
• It flourishes across the continent in the 15th century CE
until the interaction of Africa with Europe and Asia, their
trade and cultural partners, serves as the main contributor to
the African literature growth.
• In the 19th century, European countries competed for the
colonization of African territory to gain a political and
economic edge.
• The colonization and slave trade has awakened the African
psyche (the soul and mind) incredibly.
• The literary works are the vehicle, specifically the
newspaper, in exposing the psychological and social impact
of colonization.
• Though they used the European language to produce their
literary works, the cry for independence has reached the
climax, so strong and effective, with the embodiment of the
spirit of nationalism, gained worldwide acclaim.
• In the contemporary times, African writers experience new
challenges with their new and sovereign government. They
still use their literary works as a vehicle in expressing their
voices against their government with a constant theme of
 Chinua Achebe
-He was a Nigerian novelist, poet, critic, and professor and
was honored as Grand Prix de la Memoir of the 2019
edition of the Grand Prix of Literary Associations.
-His first novel and masterpiece, “Things Fall Apart”, is the
most widely read book in modern African literature. It
concerns the traditional Igbo life at the time of the advent of
missionaries and the colonial government in his homeland.
 Wole Soyinka
-He was the first black African to be awarded the 1986
Nobel Prize for Literature. One of his famous works is
his first important play “A Dance of the Forests” which
was written for the Nigerian independence celebrations.
-It parodies the emerging nation by stripping it of
romantic legend and by showing that the present is no
more a golden age than it was before.
 Kofi Awoonor
-He was a Ghanaian novelist and poet who wrote “This Earth, My
Brother”, a cross between a novel and a poem.
-These portions of the text deal with the new nation of Ghana,
which is represented by a baby on a dunghill. The dunghill is a
source of both rot and renewal and in this way represents the
foundations upon which Ghana was built.
 Ngungi wa Thiong’o
-East Africa’s leading novelist, a Kenyan writer who wrote
the famous novel “Weep Not, Child”. It was the first major
novel in English by an East African.
-It deals with the Mau-Mau Uprising, a war in the British
Kenya Colony (1920–1963) between the Kenya Land and
Freedom Army.
 Okot p’ Bitek
- He was a Ugandan poet, novelist, and social anthropologist who
wrote the three verse collections – Song of Lawino (1066), Song
of Ocol (1970), and Two Songs (1971).
- He achieved international recognition for Song of Lawino, a long
poem dealing with the tribulations of a rural African wife whose
husband has taken up urban life and wishes everything to be
westernized. It was followed by the husband’s reply, the Song
of Ocol.
 Jacques Rabemananjara
-He was a Malagasy playwright and poet and one of
Madagascar’s most prominent writers. He wrote and
published his play “Les dieux malgaches”, the first modern
Malagasy play in French.
-This play dealt with the pre-colonial past and with the coup
that unseated King Radama II in 1863.
 Thomas Mofolo
-He was the greatest writer from the Sotho people in Africa.
He created the first Western-style novels in the Basotho
language. His novel “Chaka” became a classic.
-It was a historical novel about the story of the rise and fall
of the Zulu king Shaka. Dennis P. Kunene translated the
novel from Sotho to English.
NOTABLE WRITERS IN ASIA
(RECENT TIMES)
 Tan Twan Eng Tan
- He was born in Penang and lived in various places in Malaysia as a child. He
studied law at the University of London and later worked as a lawyer in one of
Kuala Lumpur’s most reputable law firms; in 2016, he was an International
Writer-in-Residence at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.
- Tan's first novel, The Gift of Rain (2007), was longlisted for the Man Booker
Prize and has been translated into Italian, Spanish, Greek, Romanian, Czech and
Serbian. The Garden of Evening Mists (2011), his second novel, won the Man
Asian Literary Prize and Walter Scott Prize and was shortlisted for the Man
Booker Prize and the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award.
 Musharraf Ali Farooqi
-He is a critically acclaimed Pakistani author, novelist, and
translator. His novel "Between Clay and Dust" was
shortlisted for The Man Asian Literary Prize 2012 and
longlisted for the 2013 DSC Prize for South Asian
Literature.
-Farooqi's second novel "The Story of a Widow" was
shortlisted for the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature
 Jeet Thayil
- He (born in 1959 in Kerala) is an Indian poet, novelist, librettist
and musician. He is best known as a poet and is the author of four
collections: These Errors Are Correct (Tranquebar, 2008),
English (2004, Penguin India, Rattapallax Press, New York,
2004), Apocalypso (Ark, 1997) and Gemini (Viking Penguin,
1992). His first novel, Narcopolis, (Faber & Faber, 2012), was
shortlisted for the 2012 Man Booker Prize and the Hindu Literary
Prize 2013
 Kim Thúy
- She arrived in Canada in 1979, at the age of ten. She has worked as a
seamstress, interpreter, lawyer, and restaurant owner. She currently lives in
Montreal where she devotes herself to writing. Her debut novel Ru won the
Governor General's Award for French-language fiction at the 2010
Governor General's Awards. An English edition, translated by Sheila
Fischman, was published in 2012 and was a shortlisted nominee for the
2012 Scotiabank Giller Prize. Thúy spent her early childhood in Vietnam
before fleeing with her parents as boat people and settling in the Montreal
suburb of Longueuil. She has degrees in law, linguistics, and translation
from the Université de Montréal.
NOTABLE WRITERS IN NORTH
AMERICA
 Jonathan Safran Foer
- He is the author of two bestselling, award-winning novels,
“Everything Is Illuminated and Extremely Loud and Incredibly
Close”, and a bestselling work of nonfiction, “Eating Animals”. He
lives in Brooklyn, New York.
 Sara Gruen
-She is the #1 New York Times and USA Today bestselling author
of five novels: “At The Water’s Edge”, “Ape House”, “Water
for Elephants”, “Riding Lessons”, and “Flying Changes”.
-Her works have been translated into forty-three languages, and
have sold more than ten million copies worldwide. WATER FOR
ELEPHANTS was adapted into a major motion picture starring
Reese Witherspoon, Rob Pattinson, and Christoph Waltz in 2011.
 Margaret Atwood Canadian
- author Margaret Atwood has numerous critically acclaimed novels
to her credit. Some of her best-selling titles are "Oryx and Crake"
(2003), "The Handmaid's Tale" (1986), and "The Blind Assassin"
(2000). She is best known for her feminist and dystopian political
themes, and her prolific output of work spans multiple genres,
including poetry, short stories, and essays. She distinguishes her
"speculative fiction" from science fiction because "science fiction
has monsters and spaceships; speculative fiction could really
 Valeria Luiselli
- Award-winning, translated into numerous languages, Luiselli’s
playful, mesmeric novels, have pushed the boundaries of distortion
between the real and the imagined. Works such as “Faces In The
Crowd” (2012) and “The Story Of My Teeth” (2015) have seen her
cast as one of the bright lights of contemporary Mexican fiction, and
her collection of non-fiction essays, “Sidewalks” (2013),
demonstrates the versatility and deft touch of an interesting new
literary talent.
 Carmen Boullosa
- Poet, playwright, and novelist, Carmen Boullosa’s thoughtful and
eclectic works such as “Leaving Tabasco” (2001), and “Texas:
The Great Theft” (2014), have cemented the reputation of a writer
considered to be reaching the height of her powers. Weaving through
a wide range of topics, and eras, Boullosa’s imaginative power and
craft have allowed her to jump from one project to another, without
being typecast or pigeonholed.
NOTABLE WRITERS IN EUROPE
 Ian McEwan
-British writer Ian McEwan started winning literary awards with his
first book, a collection of short stories, "First Love, Last Rites" (1976),
and never stopped.
-"Atonement" (2001), a family drama focused on repentance, won
several awards and was made into a movie directed by Joe Wright
(2007).
-"Saturday" (2005) won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. His
work often focuses on closely observed personal lives in a politically
fraught world.
 David Mitchell
-English novelist is known for his frequent use of intricate and
complex experimental structure in his work. In his first novel,
"Ghostwritten" (1999), he uses nine narrators to tell the story,
and 2004's "Cloud Atlas" is a novel comprising six
interconnected stories.
-Mitchell won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for "Ghostwritten,"
was shortlisted for the Booker Prize for "number9dream" (2001),
and was on the Booker longlist for "The Bone Clocks" (2014).
 Delphine de Vigan
-She is an award-winning French novelist. She has published several
novels for adults. Her breakthrough work was the book “No et moi” (No
and Me) which was awarded the Prix des Libraires (The Booksellers'
Prize) in France in 2008.
-In 2011, she published a novel “Rien ne s'oppose a la nuit” (Nothing
Holds Back the Night) that deals with a family coping with their mother's
bipolar disorder. In her native France, the novel brought her a set of
awards, including the Prix du Roman Fnac (the prize given by the Fnac
bookstores) and the prix Renaudot des lycéens.
NOTABLE WRITERS IN LATIN
AMERICA
 Isabel Allende
-She is a Chilean-American novelist. Allende, who writes in the "magic
realism" tradition, is considered one of the first successful women
novelists in Latin America. She has written novels based in part on her
own experiences, often focusing on the experiences of women, weaving
myth and realism together.
-Her best-known works include the novels “The House of the Spirits and
City of the Beasts”. She has written over 20 books that have been
translated into more than 35 languages and sold more than 67 million
copies.
 Gabriel García Márquez
-He (1927 to 2014) was a Colombian writer, associated with the
Magical Realism genre of narrative fiction and credited with
reinvigorating Latin American writing.
-He won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1982, for a body of
work that included novels such as "100 Years of Solitude" and
"Love in the Time of Cholera."
 Rodrigo Hasbún
- He is a Bolivian novelist living and working in Houston, Texas. In 2007,
he was selected by the Hay Festival as one of the best Latin American
writers under the age of thirty-nine for Bogotá39, and in 2010 he was
named one of Grantas Best Young Spanish-Language Novelists. He is
the author of three novels, a volume of personal essays, and three
collections of short stories, two of which have been made into films. His
work has appeared in Granta, McSweeneys, Zoetrope: All-Story, Words
Without Borders, and elsewhere. Affections received an English PEN
Award and has been published in twelve languages.
NOTABLE WRITERS IN AFRICA
 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
- She grew up in Nigeria. Her work has been translated into over thirty languages
and has appeared in various publications, including The New Yorker, Granta, The
O. Henry Prize Stories, the Financial Times, and Zoetrope. She is the author of the
novels “Purple Hibiscus”, which won the Commonwealth Writers Prize and the
Hurston/Wright Legacy Award; “And half of a Yellow Sun”, which won the Orange
Prize and was a National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist and a New York
Times Notable Book; and “Americanah”, which won the National Book Critics
Circle Award and was named one of The New York Times Top Ten Best Books of
2013. Ms. Adichie is also the author of the story collection “The Thing Around Your
Neck”
 Aminatta Forna
- Born in Glasgow but raised in Sierra Leone, Aminatta Forna first drew
attention for her memoir “The Devil That Danced on Water” (2003), an
extraordinarily brave account of her family’s experiences living in war-torn
Sierra Leone, and in particular her father’s tragic fate as a political
dissident. Forna has gone on to write several novels, each of them critically
acclaimed: her work “The Memory of Love” (2010) juxtaposes personal
stories of love and loss within the wider context of the devastation of the
Sierre Leone civil war, and was nominated for the Orange Prize for Fiction.
 Nadine Gordimer
- One of the apartheid era’s most prolific writers, Nadine Gordimer’s works
powerfully explore social, moral, and racial issues in South Africa under
apartheid rule. Despite winning a Nobel Prize in Literature for her
prodigious skills in portraying a society interwoven with racial tensions,
Gordimer’s most famous and controversial works were banned from South
Africa for daring to speak out against the oppressive governmental
structures of the time. Her novel “Burger’s Daughter” follows the struggles
of a group of anti-apartheid activists, and was read in secret by Nelson
Mandela during his time on Robben Island.
 21ST CENTURY
LITERARY GENRES
AND THEIR
ELEMENTS,
STRUCTURES AND
LESSON
At the end of this lesson, the learners are
expected to:
1. define what literary genre is;

OUTLIN 2. identify various 21st-century literary

genres common across the globe; and

E 3. Compare and contrast the 21st-century

literature genres and their elements,
structures, and traditions from across
the globe.
 To move on with this lesson, let us unlock important terms:

• 21st century literature - refers to all literary works written and

published in the latter part of the 21st century (from 2001
onwards). These works are often characterized as gender sensitive,
technologically alluding, culturally pluralistic, operate on the
extreme reality or extreme fiction, and question conventions and
supposedly absolute norms.
 To move on with this lesson, let us unlock important terms:

• literary genre - is a category of literary composition. Genres may

be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in
the case of fiction) length. The distinctions between genres and
categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups.
 21st Century Literary Genres, Traditions, and Forms from
Different Cultures
• Contemporary literature
- Reflects current trends in life and culture and because these things
change often, contemporary literature changes often as well.
- Reflects the author's perspective and can be cynical.
- Questions facts, historical perspectives and presents 2
contradictory arguments side by side
Contemporary literature began in the 1940s or so. A few of its
qualities:
- Reality-based stories with strong characters and a believable
story;
- Well-defined, realistic, highly developed characters in
realistic, sometimes harsh environments;
- Often the stories are character-driven;
- The literature is ironic and reflects current political, social and
personal issues;
Contemporary literature began in the 1940s or so. A few of its
qualities:
- May reflect a personal cynicism, disillusionment and frustration;
- Facts are questioned as are historical perspectives;
- Often presents two contradictory arguments;
- The literature may reflect a growing skepticism in the existence of
God as well as distrust or lack of faith in traditional institutions
The 2000s - Saw a steep increase in the acceptability of literature of
all types, inspired by the coming of age of millions of people who
enjoyed the work of writers of speculative fiction.

- Speculative fiction - an umbrella term encompassing the more

fantastical fiction genres, specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror,
weird fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero fiction, utopian and
dystopian fiction, etc.
Chinese Literature
- Affected by the impact of the Internet, which has become an
important medium for the dissemination of politically sensitive
works.
- Resurgence of science fantasy not seen since the late Qing
dynasty
- No epics of either folk or literary variety and hardly any narrative
or descriptive poems that are long by the standards of the world
literature
Chinese Literature

Sinophone literature- Redefines Chinese literature as a field

determined by language rather than purely by geography

Modern Chinese poetry- Depends on end rhyme and tonal meter for
its cadence and is characterized by its compactness and brevity
Japanese literature

- Marked by a strong and intentional break with tradition and

nation-centered and group-orientation values.
- This break included: A strong reaction against established
religious, political, and social views.
Japanese literature

- Feminism, individualism, internationalism, liberalism, and

proletarian emerged during this period
- Concerned with the subconscious.
- New literary forms and styles like: A novel in 1st POV is
written like an autobiographical confessional type of
narration
Indian Literature

- Simultaneous co-existence of the postcolonial state

apparatuses with an ideology that was: Liberal and Humanist,
seen in the areas of public life like the academic scene
Realism

- Outcome of the creation of a reading public which was

trying to construct an identity in the context of the
anti-colonial struggles and nation-building.
- This combined liberal-reformist ideology with an affirmation
of an 'Indian' cultural specificity.
- This concept however was middle-class and Hindu
The realist novel- Its focus on growth and individual freedom is
transformed in the Indian context with the economic conditions of
uneven capitalism

Basis for Realism- The economic: seen the existence of capitalist

exploitation
-Political; and
-Social conditions
African literature

- Distinct influence from African current events and recent

history.
- Themes: -Post imperialism -Cultural upheaval
-Violence
- These are topics present in previous centuries that are still
very much relevant in modern-day African nations.
African poetry
- This is a form of protest.
- Theorists describe it as having a post-colonial viewpoint, referring
to The period after European nations tried to govern African
nations

Africa's modern history

- It is Influenced by neocolonialism, cultural change, and clashes
between political parties and religious ideologies
Modern African writer
- Look away from the internal, individual struggle and instead
shift the focus to the: Struggles of African nations still trying to
develop after gaining independence from European imperialism
- economic struggles of the people
- divisions of classes
- and various other conflicts that modern-day African nations face
American literature
- Concerned with relationships and connections between people and
emotion-provoking storytelling is common. The value of media in
culture is changing the way this movement is perceived
- Diversity and acceptance
- Address universal themes seen through the eyes of their culture
- juxtaposition of the ordinary with magical elements
- Fantastic elements are interwoven into realistic fiction
English Literature
- As the 21st century got underway, history remained the
outstanding concern of English literature. Although
contemporary issues such as global warming and international
conflicts (especially the Second Persian Gulf War and its
aftermath) received attention, writers were still more disposed to
look back.
- Although they had entered into a new millennium, writers seemed
to find greater imaginative stimulus in the past than in the
 MOST NOTABLE
LITERARY GENRE IN
21 CENTURY
ST
a. Poetry
- It is a type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene,
or tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words.
- Poems can be structured, with rhyming lines and meter, the
rhythm and emphasis of a line based on syllabic beats.
- Poems can also be freeform, which follows no formal structure.
- It is further subdivided into different genres, such as epic poem,
narrative, romantic, dramatic, and lyric.
Hyperpoetry

– It is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext

markup.
- It is usually found online, though CD-ROM and diskette
versions exist.
- The earliest examples date to no later than the mid-1980s.
Spoken word poetry
– It can be described as poetry that is written to be performed.
Spoken word utilizes concrete language, wordplay, and rhythm to
tell stories.
Many literary devices, like metaphor, can be used to help the
audience visualize the story. Some pieces may lack a definite
beginning, middle, or end, but it may be in that absence that the
audience finds something to relate to.
Spoken word poetry

– The beautiful thing about spoken word is that a person is allowed

to give his or her perspective on a certain topic without fear of
debate.
- It is an open display of the soul.
- Spoken word pieces can involve any life experience from losing a
first tooth to losing one’s virginity to losing one’s child. The range
is endless.
b. Drama - It is the genre of literature with stories composed of
verse or prose that is meant to be dramatically or theatrically
performed. Its emotions and conflicts are expressed through dialogue
and movements or action.

c. Blog - A weblog: a website containing short articles called

posts that are changed regularly. Some blogs are written by one
person containing their own opinions, interests, and experiences.
d. Creative nonfiction
– It is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to
create factually accurate narratives.

e. Fiction- It is literature created from the imagination, not presented

as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation.
Short story

– It is a brief fictional prose narrative that is shorter than a novel and

that usually deals with only a few characters.
The form encourages economy of setting, concise narrative, and the
omission of a complex plot; character is disclosed in action and
dramatic encounters but is seldom fully developed.
Chick-lit

– It is a genre that addresses issues of modern womanhood, often

humorously and light-heartedly.
The genre became popular in the late 1990s, with chick-lit titles
topping best-seller lists and the creation of imprints devoted entirely
to chick-lit.
Illustrated novel – It is a story through text and illustrated novels.
Digi-fiction – It is a triple media literature. It combines three media:
books, movies/videos, and internet websites.
Graphic novels – These are narratives in comic book formats.
Manga – This is a Japanese word for comics Examples: Naruto,
Bleach, One Piece
Doodle Fiction – It is a literary presentation where the author
incorporates doodle writing and drawings, and handwritten graphics
in place of traditional font. Example: Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Text-Talk Novels- These are stories that are told almost completely
in dialogue simulating social network exchanges.
Flash fiction – This is a style of fictional literature of extreme
brevity.
Six-word flash fiction – It is a flash fiction done in six words only.
Speculative fiction – It is an umbrella term encompassing the more
fantastical fiction genres, specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror,
weird fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero fiction, utopian and etc.
Horror – It is a genre whose purpose is to create feelings of
fear, dread, repulsion, and terror in the audience—in other
words, it develops an atmosphere of horror.
Producing a Creative
Representation of a
Literary Text
 Literature in the 21st Century Defined

• its meaning has rapidly broadened upon approaching the 21st

century, the current generation we call the modern age. People
have used multimedia and technology to present written works in
a more comprehensive, elaborative manner.
• We gain easy access to world literature and words are only a type
away from where we are.
• Literature, in conclusion, is a written collection of significant
human experiences.
• It communicates the beliefs, traditions and norms of a community.
• It creatively shows what is in the human’s mind and heart.
• It tells what the soul speaks.
• It symbolizes awareness and realization that we get from our
circumstances or takes a peek of the life we wish we have.
• Literature mirrors life which automatically means we define
literature the way we see and learn in life.
Directions: Find and encircle the nine words, two are
prepositions, in the puzzle. Rearrange the words and
write down the hidden message below.
Message: __________________________
Nobody wants to see their message left on
read.
Ponder on these following interconnected questions.
1. What life experience do you want to share with other people the
most?
2. If you could make a literary text out of that experience, in what
genre would you want to write it? Why?
3. How do you want everyone to learn from your story? What are
your themes?
• People have long been using literature in the entertainment and
publication industry, education, and apparently in almost all fields.
• They use it for profit, aestheticism, education, and expression,
even to attain unity and to search for identity.
• Literature captures what is essential among human beings, and
with it, we see through our lives in reality.
• People interpret a thing differently in accordance to their own
philosophy, situation, and the life they led.
• In the 21st century, we have learned to tell our stories
through symbols, arts, pictures, and other representations
that we believe could justify our identity the best.
• This modernity in literature allows us to express ourselves
explicitly.
• The modes of presentation used in 21st Century Literature are
mostly multimedia and technology.
• Multimedia, from the word itself, means the use of more than one
medium in communication, such as audio, text, video, still
images, and animation that are combined to form creative and
interactive content.
• Technology, on the other hand, is the broad term for the practical
application of science to achieve optimum results in the industry
and offer convenience to humanity.
Some types of multimedia platforms
used in educational contexts are:
Slideshow or Presentation

- is a series of still images, text, audio, video, and diagrams that

are usually presented to the audience on a big screen.
Diagram

- is a simple illustration that explains something by showing

the breakdown, arrangement, and relationship of each part.
Infographics- is a graphic visual representation of data.
Audio Podcast
- an informative program mainly used as a listening tool and is found
on the Internet.

Video Animation
- is a series of images, drawn by the hand or with technical drawing,
that are manipulated through a device to create motions.
Blog

- A website run by an individual or a group that writes a

particular topic and shares their personal views, and
commentary on the subject.
Webinars and Online meetings

- are virtual meetings held to disseminate and access

information. Interactive media is a social media platform, such
as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram where people can actively
engage in the virtual community through buttons, emoticons,
chats, and comments.
• The mentioned platforms are commonly used both by
educators and students in literature during presentations.
• However, you might get confused about how to create a
project, and what medium to use among the choices, with
duration, sophistication, quality, and manpower in
consideration.
• The following guidelines will help you conclude, help you
save time, and make quality output possible.
Identify the Problem
• Stating the problem will help you figure out what you already
have and what you do not have in hand to create your project.

• What will be the content? How do you want the project’s physical
features to be?
• What platform do you think is the most suitable in your
presentation and in what way do you want to present it,
considering the use of effects and multimedia formats? • Are the
Identify the Problem

• Are the main resources available? Are you familiar with their
functions? If not, can it be self-learned through a guidebook or on
the internet?
• Do you apply SMART during planning to reach your desired
outcome (SMART stands for specific, measurable, achievable,
realistic, and time-bound)?
Solution
• Provide alternatives to the needed materials you do not have.
• Actions and Deadlines You can now proceed in the product-
making process.
• Searching for solutions to current problems will test your
creativity and resourcefulness.
• It will also test your ability to adjust as you are expected to create
a quality project and meet the deadline.
Communication
• It is good to ask people who can make good judgments on your
work and give you honest feedback.

Evaluation
• It is very important to reflect on what you have learned throughout
the process of creation. Through reflection, there will be a clear
view of what you have done well, what you should not do next
time, and what you should have done.
Directions: Read the hypothetical situations carefully
and write your stand from the questions raised in the
form of an essay with a three-sentenced paragraph.
SITUATION 1: Ella is a Grade 11 student who has a knack for reading
and drawing. She often represents her favorite literature into arts. On
a Tuesday morning, their Art teacher requires them to hold a
‘contemporary art exhibition’ on Friday as their final project on her subject.
The task demands ICT and multimedia manipulation to turn her manual
creation to digital art. However, she only has the very basic knowledge
in using technology, and does not actually own even a smartphone. She
starts to worry as she might get low grade if she cannot comply and
might be removed in the list of class achievers. Given the situation, what
do you think she can do the best to present a digitally-crafted output
SITUATION 2 A group of friends creates a project called
‘EDUCATION MATTERS’, an idea they learned from an essay that aims
to exhibit the importance of education in one’s life. Their city is known to
have low education rate, so they take the initiative to help the community
before they graduate. Their plan includes the use of social media, book
donations, produce short education-related advertisement or write texts
that completely show the power of education. If you were a part of the
team, what best action do you suggest to take? Please write your
recommendation in details.
PT: DRAW A STORY
Assessment of Creative
Adaptation of a Literary
Text
• It can be said that people in today’s generation have earned almost
limitless access to global communication, thanks to technological
advancement and freedom of expression.
• We use literary works, film adaptations, online posts or other
effective means to represent what we believe in and to send our
message across.
• “We become the best version of ourselves when we learn to listen
to what we have to hear.”
• We begin to ponder deeply, open our minds to things we never
once considered hearing, and realize that some of them make
sense.
• We make certain adjustments and do tasks more accurately.
• We embrace both positive and negative and mold ourselves along
the way.
• In literature, we assess written works through literary
criticism.
• Literary criticism means the study and analysis of literature.
• This study helps identify on what perspective a critique focuses
on. Some may have looked at a piece from its moral perspective
or values.
• Literary criticism categorizes literary works according to their
genres, making it easier for readers to comprehend and
interpret a work in different viewpoints.
Some types of literary
criticisms used are:
1. Mythological criticism. A type of criticism that uses archetypes
or symbols through mythological creatures and occurrences
drawn from culture, history and life.

2. Sociological criticism. This is used to analyze the cultural,

economic and political context of a literary work.
3. Biographical criticism. From the term itself, this method of
analysis aims to determine the original theme of a certain piece
from the author’s life. This requires the reader to be familiar with
the author’s biographical information. By doing so, the reader
can keep track of his analysis to be in context.
4. Psychoanalytic criticism. This emphasizes getting information
about the subconscious desire or state of mind of the author based on
the theme of the work.

5. Formalist criticism. A type of criticism that analyzes the work

itself, and does not claim any underlying political, sociological, or
psychological concerns exist in the context.
• Literary criticisms guide readers to divide the comprehensive
themes of a literary piece into sections and be able to focus on
their point of interest.

• The value of a written work has also long been assessed through
seven literary standards developed by the writer William J. Long:
1. Universality. Literature appeals to everyone regardless of culture,
time and race.
2. Artistry. It possesses beauty or aesthetic appeal.
3. Intellectual Value. It activates the use of critical thinking or
logical skills, reaching a realization of fundamental truths.
4. Suggestiveness. It reveals the underlying messages of archetypes
to real events or life itself.
5. Spiritual Value. It aims to motivate and inspire from the values
presented.
6. Permanence. It draws out the time factor: Timeliness, occurring at
a particular time, and timelessness endures throughout time.
7. Style. It depicts how man sees life through the manner of
construction and conveyance of ideas in the context.
• This serves as criteria that separate a particular literary text from
the rest.
• Through the use of the above-mentioned standard and other tools
for assessment, we are able to improve and modify literature in
the same genre or another medium.
• This is called literary adaptation. It is the process of translating a
creative work from one medium to another or getting the juices
from it and crafting a new version or story
• Examples of adaptation are films, stage plays, and podcasts which
require the use of multimedia, technology, and other creative
innovations. In education, teachers use these creative adaptations
to stimulate students’ interest and promote effective learning.
• You may tend to assess an adaptation through its storyline
and the characters’ portrayal. Or that you based the production on
its magnificent props and characters’ portrayal.
• Others also tend to judge the quality of adaptation on whether it
has highlighted the general idea from the original work or made
some changes or unexpected turn of events. From this, we learn
that every one of us has followed a certain criterion of our own.
One helpful way to assess the creative adaptation of a literary
text and limit discourse over the subject is by choosing one out
of the following theoretical approaches:
1. Translation theory.

Evaluates the faithfulness of adaptation to the original piece. The

criticism revolves around the adaptation’s adherence to the
character ,setting, themes and any other highlights that make up the
literary text. Users of this paradigm would admire such producers
who stick to the context.
2. Pluralist theory.

Focuses on the effectivity of the adaptation to convey the ‘spirit’ of

the original text. The advocates of this theory put much significance
on the retention of what the text makes them feel and therefore
should be preserved without the need for modification in the mood
and tone.
3. Transformation theory.

A theory that sees a written work and its adaptation differently. The
producer of the adaptation has made significant alterations whether
for artistic, uniqueness, or experimental purposes. The differences
made will serve as the basis for evaluation.
• Considering these approaches, you will be able to make your
assessment right into the core.
• You will state your opinion or judgment and rationalize it using
the presentation itself. Here are some guidelines to help you write
a coherent and logical assessment.
1. Read, watch, or listen to the work with full attention to details.
Repeat if necessary or possible. The initial step is where you all
get the impression and confirm its strengths and weaknesses.
Take note of important details.

2. State your judgments. Present your general judgments that you

made from observation and interpretation.
3. Explain your criteria to support your judgment. Remember to use
the scenes in the presentation as pieces of evidence. Use the criteria
or standards that you set to support your judgment.

4. Compare and contrast. Use other excellent adaptations or

presentation of the same genre to offer suggestions.
• Self and peer assessment aim to increase your sense of
autonomy and responsibility. It hones your creative and higher
order thinking skills.
• It will help you become more active as an assessor rather than
passively wait on your teacher for evaluation.
• Most importantly, it will develop your reflection on your own
execution and judgment.
• Peer assessment. Students individually assess one another based
on their level of contribution or participation in the group. The
average of the marks given by each member is usually the overall
group score.
Advantages

• Develops involvement and sense of responsibility

• Develops judgment skills
• Provides more relevant feedback to improve performance
Disadvantages

• Marks given might not be reliable as affected by pressure from

peers • Have a tendency to mark everyone high scores to save the
group
• Hesitant to judge their peers
Self-assessment. Judging own contribution using established criteria.
Advantages
• Develops involvement and sense of responsibility
• Develops judgment skills
• Allows to compare and reflect own and peer’s contributions
Disadvantages
• Self-assessment might be perceived as unreliable
• Might overlook one’s good point or bad point
STORY ANALYSIS
THANK
YOU!