Polygraphy Group 1

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FORENSIC 5

LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

(GROUP 1)
BALOCOS, LOVELY JOY A.
GUTANG, ROSE JANE E.
BADIELES, NENIA LYN N.
CAROMAYAN, SHERLYN C.
CUECO, KIMBERLY D.
LANUTAN, ANA MARGARET EUNICE
CONDE, CHRISSA
NEED-TO-KNOW
CONCEPTS
What is Polygraphy?
 It is the scientific method of detecting
deception with the use of a polygraph
instrument. This is the new name of LIE
DETECTION.

BALOCOS
What is a Polygraph?
 The term "polygraph" means "many writings."
 The name refers to the manner in which selected
physiological activities are simultaneously
collected and recorded.
 The polygraph is a recorder of a psycho-
physiological changes occurring within the
examinee's body as the polygraph examiner asks a
series of test questions.

NEED-TO-KNOW CONCEPTS
A polygraph (commonly referred to as a lie detector) is
an instrument that measures and records several
physiological responses such as:
 blood pressure,
 heart rate,
 respiration rate, and
 electro-dermal activities
while the subject is asked and answers a series of
questions, on the basis that false answers will produce
distinctive measurements. The polygraph measures
physiological changes caused by the sympathetic nervous
system during questioning.

NEED-TO-KNOW CONCEPTS
What is a Lie Detector?
 It is the popular but misleading name of the
Polygraph. The instrument was so named because it
makes various ink recordings of a person's body
functions which will be interpreted by the
polygraphist to determine whether the subject has
been lying or not.
What is the other name of the Polygraph?
 It is also called "Truth Verifier" since statistics show
that the vast majority of the instances the
instrument verifies an innocent person's
truthfulness.

NEED-TO-KNOW CONCEPTS
What are the Concepts of Polygraph Examination?

1. Used to test an individual for the purpose of detecting


deception or verifying truthfulness of his statements.

2. It is done by recording identifiable physiological reactions of


the subject, such as: blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and
skin resistance.

3. The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording symptoms of


deceptions is based on the theory that "a conscious mental
effort on the part of a normal person to deceive causes
involuntary physiological changes that are in effect a body's
reaction to an imminent danger to its well being."
What are the objectives of a Polygraph
Examination?
Polygraph examination is conducted in order to:
1. obtain additional investigation leads to the facts of
the case/offenses
2. ascertain if a person is telling the truth
3. locate the fruits or tools of the crime and
whereabouts of wanted persons
4. identify other persons involved (accomplices of
crime).
5. obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses
6. eliminate the innocent suspects.
What are the Principal uses of the Polygraph
Examination?

1. Aid in investigating criminal incidents and issues.


2. Speeds up the process of investigation.
3. Eliminates innocent suspects.
4. Pre-employment screening.
5. Honesty test (Periodic test).
6.
7.
What is the significance of understanding Lie
Detection?
 In every criminal investigation, the truth must be
established to ensure proper prosecution of
offenders.
 In establishing the truth, criminal investigators
apply various methods such as:
• observation;
• mechanical lie detection;
• use of drugs that inhibits
the "inhibitor";
• hypnosis; and
• interrogation.
Use of Drugs that
“Inhibit the Inhibitor”
 Administration of the TRUTH SERUM
 Narcoanalysis/Narcosysthesis
 Intoxication with Alcohol
TRUTH SERUM
 The term “truth serum” is a misnomer. The
procedure does not make someone tell the truth
and the thing administered is not serum but
actually a drug.
 In the test, HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE is given
hypodermically in repeated doses until a state of
delirium is induced.
 When the proper point is reached, the
questioning begins and the subject fells a
compulsion to answer the questions truthfully.
TRUTH SERUM
 He forgets his alibi which he may have built up to
cover his guilt. He may give details of his acts or
may even implicate others.
 The drug acts as depressant in the nervous
system. Clinical evidence indicates the various
segments of the brain particularly the cortex.
 Statements taken from the subjects while under
the influence of truth serum are evolutionary
obtained hence they are not admissible as
evidence.
Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis
 This method of deception detection is practically the same as
that of administration of truth serum. The only difference is
the drug used.
 Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium penthotal is
administered by the subject.
 When the effects appear , questioning starts.
 It is claimed that the drug causes depression of the inhibitory
mechanism of the brain and the subjects talk freely.
 The administration of the drug and subsequent interrogation
must be done by a psychiatrist with along experience on the
line.
 Like the administration of the truth serum, the result of the
test is not admissible.
INTOXICATION
 The ability of alcohol to reveal the real person
behind the mask which all of us are said to wear
(“mask of sanity’) is reflected in the age-old
maxim, IN VINO VERITAS (“in wine there is
truth”).
 The person whose statement is to be taken is
allowed to take alcoholic beverages to almost
intoxication.
INTOXICATION
 Confessions made by the subjects while under the
influence of alcohol may be admissible if he is
physically capable to recollect the facts that he
has uttered after the effects of alcohol have
disappeared.
 But in most intances, the subjects cannot recall
everything that he had mentioned or he may
refuse to admit the truth of the statement given.
The knowledge of the truth is an essential
requirement for the administration of criminal
justice. The success or failure in making decisions
may rest solely on the ability to evaluate the truth
or falsity of the statement given by the suspects
or witness. The task for its determination initially
lies on the hand of the investigator.
HYPNOSIS
 It is the alteration of consciousness and
concentration in which the subject manifests a
heightened of suggestibility while awareness is
maintained.
 Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic
induction. Subjects who are compulsive-
depressive type, strong-willed like lawyers,
accountants, physicians and other professionals
are usually non-hypnotizable.
HYPNOSIS
 The prospect that the state of heightened
suggestibility in which the hypnotized subject is
suspected will produce distortion of the fact
rather than the truth.
 The state of the mind, skill and professionalism
of the examiner are too subjective to permit
admissibility of the expert testimony.
What is Lie?
A lie is any of the following:
 untruthful statement,
 falsehood,
 anything that deceives or creates false
impression, untrue statements especially with
intent to deceive or to give an erroneous or
misleading impression.
 It is also synonymous to deceit, deception,
fabrication, falsehood and untruth.
What is meant by "Detection"?

In this context, detection is the act of detecting,


discovery, perceiving, finding, or uncovering
something obscure such as a lie.

Why do people lie?
 There are many reasons why people lie. But
commonly, it is due to fear of detection that one
has committed something undesirable or would
like to preserve something valuable. For instance,
he may feel that detection would result to
embarrassment, penalty and punishment, thus,
placing his whole life at stake.
 A person's fear, anxieties and apprehensions are
channeled toward the situation which reminds his
instinct of self- preservation to struggle out from
the consequences of the wrong he had already
done.
What are the General Kinds of Lie?
1. White Lie or Benign Lie - These are the kind of lies used to
protect or maintain the harmony of friendship or any relationship.

2. Pathological Lie - This is a lie made by persons who cannot


distinguish right from wrong.

3. Red Lie - This involves political interests and motives because this
is a part of communist propaganda strategy. This is prevalent in
communist countries or communist infested nations.
Example: Propaganda-brain-washing and blackmail via espionage
and treason.
What are the General Kinds of Lie?
4. Black Lie - A lie which accompanies pretensions and
hypocrisies, intriguing to cause dishonor or discredit
ones good image.

5. Malicious or Judicial Lie - this is very pure and


unjustifiable kind of lie that is intended purely to
mislead or obstruct justice.
What are Other Kinds of Lie?
1. Fabrication - a lie told when someone submits
statement as truth, without a knowing for certain
whether or not it actually is true. Although the
statement may be possible or plausible, it is not
based on fact. Rather, it is something made up, or it is
a misrepresentation of the truth.
 Examples of fabrication: "The dog ate my homework",
or "I did unplug the iron".

GUTANG
2. Bold-faced lie - is one which is told when it is obvious to all
concerned that it is a lie.
 For example, a child who has chocolate all around his
mouth and denies that he has eaten any chocolate is a
bold-faced liar.

3. Lying by omission - One lies by omission by omitting an


important fact, deliberately leaving another person with a
misconception. Lying by omission includes failures to correct
pre-existing misconceptions.
 For example, a husband may tell his wife he was out at a
store, which is true, but lie by omitting the fact that he also
visited his mistress, although it is disputable whether or not
this is actually a lie.

Other Kinds of Lie


4. Lie-to-children - often a platitude which may use
euphemism, which is told to make an adult subject
acceptable to children.

5. Noble lie one which would normally cause discord if


it were uncovered, but which offers some benefit to
the liar and assists in an orderly society, therefore
potentially beneficial to others. It is often told to
maintain law, order and safety.

Other Kinds of Lie


6. Emergency lie - is a strategic lie when the truth
may not be told because it may harm a third party.
 For example, a neighbor might lie to an enraged
husband about the whereabouts of his
unfaithful wife, because said husband might
reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury
should he encounter his wife in person.
Alternatively, an emergency lie could denote a
(temporary) lie told to a second person because
of the presence of a third.

Other Kinds of Lie


7. Perjury - the act of lying or making verifiably false
statements on a material matter under oath or
affirmation in a court of law, or in any of various
sworn statements in writing.
 Perjury is a crime, because the witness has sworn
to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the
court to remain intact, witness testimony must be
relied on as truthful.

Other Kinds of Lie


8. Bluffing - pretending to have a capability or intention
which one does not actually possess. It is an act of
deception which is rarely seen as immoral, because it
takes place in the context of a game where this kind of
deception is consented to in advance by the players.
 For example, an athlete who indicates he will move left
and then actually dodges right is not considered to be
lying. In this situation, deception is accepted and can be
expected as a tactic.

9. Jocose lies - are those which are meant in jest, and are
usually understood as such by all present parties. Teasing
and sarcasm are examples.

Other Kinds of Lie


10. Contextual lies - One can state part of the truth out
of context, knowing that without complete information,
it gives a false impression. Likewise, one can actually
state accurate facts, yet deceive with them. To say
"yeah, that's right, I slept with your best friend" utilizing
a sarcastic, offended tone, may cause the listener to
assume the speaker did not mean what he said, when in
fact he did.

11. Promotion lies - Advertisements often contain


statements which are incredible, such as "We are always
happy to give a refund", or exaggerated predictions such
as "You will love our new product".

Other Kinds of Lie


What are the Types of Liars?
1. Panic Liars - one who lies in order to avoid the
consequences of a confession, they are afraid of
embarrassment and it is a serious blow to their ego.
They believe that confession will just make the matter
worst.

2. Occupational Liars - Are practical liars and lies when it


has a higher "pay off" than telling the truth.

BADIELES
3. Tournament Liars - Are those who love to lie and
are excited by the challenge of not being detected.
For them an interview is a contest and wants to win,
these person realizes that they will probably be
convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of
hearing them or her confesses, the want that people
will believe that the law is punishing an innocent
person.

4. Psychopathic Liars - The most difficult type, these


persons have no conscience and shows no regret for
dishonesty and no manifestation of guilt

Types of Liars
5. Ethnological Liars - are those who taught not to be a
squealer (squeal - to cry or to shrill voice-used by
underworld gang in order for their member not to
reveal any secret of their organization).

6. Pathological Liars - Are persons who cannot


distinguish right from wrong due to their sick mind.
They are insane.

7. Black Liars - Are persons who always pretends what


he is and what he thinks of himself).

Types of Liars
What is the Theory of Lie Detection?

 It must be recognized that there is no such


instrument that could detect lies.
 The popular name, "Lie Detector," given to a
polygraph, is somewhat misleading.
 No collection of inanimate objects including the very
finest and complicated modern computers, can
detect deception on the part of any human being.
 This so-called "lie detector" simply certain
physiological activities of the body.
What is the Theory of Lie Detection?
 These physiological activities are constantly in
operation as long as the person is alive. You should
be aware that the most common lie detection
instrument records the breathing pattern of
inspiration and expiration, a continuous pattern of
relative blood pressure and pulse rate, and a pattern
of electro-dermal responses.
What is the Theory of Lying Person?
 The polygraph technique uses the principle that the bodily
functions of a person are influenced by his mental state.
 The physiological changes accompanying deception are capable
of being recorded, measured and interpreted with reasonable
certainty.
 Telling a lie is usually an emotional experience.
 Conscious act of lying causes the mind of a person, which
produces an emotion of fear or anxiety, manifested by
fluctuations in pulse rate, blood pressure, breathing and
perspiration.
 The physiologic fluctuations that come with the emotion are in
nature automatic, self-regulating and beyond conscious control
because they affect the functioning of the internal structures
that prepare the body for emergency.
The underlying psychology here includes:
1. The lying person fears detection, causing
physiological changes to take place in his body.

2. Fear of detection must be experienced by the


subject; otherwise no physiological changes will occur.

3. A person "tunes in" that which indicates trouble or


danger by having his sense organs and attention for a
particular stimulus, and he "tunes out" that which is of
a lesser threat to his self-preservation or general well-
being.
The underlying psychology here includes:

4. In a series of questions during the polygraph test


containing relevant and control questions, the lying
subjects will "tune in" on the most intense relevant
questions and "tune out " the control question and may
not be materially affected by other weak relevant
questions.

5. The truthful subject will direct his attention to the


control question wherein he consciously knows he is
deceptive and "tune out" the relevant ones.
What is the Role of the ANS in the Polygraph
Examination?

 In the conduct of polygraph examination, it is based


on the idea that a conscious mental effort of a
mentally normal person lie causes physiological
changes within his body.
 The physiological changes could be recorded by the
Polygraph Instrument and diagnosed or evaluated by
the polygraph examiner.
 In the conduct of polygraph examination, it is based
on the idea that a conscious mental effort of a
mentally normal person lie causes physiological
changes within his body.
CAROMAYAN
What is the Role of the ANS in the Polygraph
Examination?

 The physiological effectors in polygraph examination


are the Autonomic Nervous System.
 ANS is the one responsible for regulating mechanism
that corrects the slightest deviation from a particular
standard within very fine limits.
 Sleeps, oxygenation of the blood, levels of
potassium, sodium, calcium magnesium and all the
essential chemical substances that maintain the
activity of all cell membranes are finely adjusted.
What is the Role of the ANS in the Polygraph
Examination?

 ANS is found at the center of the brain and its central controls
is in the "hypothalamus" - a group of nerve cells of the brain
that reflexes - those that we cannot control consciously such as
our heart beat, pulse rate, increase and decrease in blood
pressure and the expansion and constriction of arteries are
governed by the autonomic nervous system.
 When one of our senses detects a threat to our well-being, it
sends a signal to the autonomic nervous system, which
activates its sympathetic division regardless whether threat is
physical or psychological.
 In polygraph testing, the receptor is the ear of the
subject, which receives the threatening question
or stimulus from the polygraphist.
 The stimulus is transmitted from the ears via
sensory neurons into the brain where the
hypothalamus analyzes, evaluates and resolves
that particular question. It makes a decision for
the subject as to whether it is threatening
situation.

Role of the ANS in the Polygraph Examination


 If affirmative, the hypothalamus immediately
activates the sympathetic subdivision of the
autonomic nervous system.
 When the sympathetic system is activated, it
immediately prepares the body for the fight or flight
by the situation by causing the adrenal glands to
secret hormones known as epinephrine and
norepinephrine, so that the blood will be distributed
to those areas of the body where it is most needed
to meet the emergency, such as the brain and the
larger muscle group.

Role of the ANS in the Polygraph Examination


 The chemical norepinephrine causes the arterioles in
certain parts of the body to constrict. Thereby
preventing blood from entering those areas where it
is not immediately needed.

 Other obvious effect took place when the


sympathetic system is activated, the heart pumps
blood harder and faster, increasing blood pressure,
pulse rate, and strength, thus furnishing more
oxygenated blood to those areas of the body where it
is vitally needed to meet the emergency, such as the
brain when increased mental activity is demanded.

Role of the ANS in the Polygraph Examination


 The second division of the autonomic nervous
system is the parasympathetic nervous system.

 It is functionally antagonistic to the sympathetic


nervous system.

 Its role is to maintain the homeostasis of the body


necessary for normal functioning. Therefore, it
follows to re-establish the chemical balance of the
body.

Role of the ANS in the Polygraph Examination


What are the External Observable Signs
and Symptoms of Lies/Deceptions?

Generally, when a person fears to be detected, signs and


symptoms which indicate lies, guilt, or deception could be
observed through facial expression or postural reactions
such as:
 Stammering and swearing to or before God that he
did not commit the offense
 Pointing his guilt to somebody else
 Refuses to answer questions thru alibis and
excuses.
 All the time absent-minded
 Always requesting for repetition of questions
What are the External Observable Signs and
Symptoms of Lies/Deceptions?

 Often asks counter-questions and counter-queries


 Blushing, paling or profuse sweating of forehead.
 Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of eyeballs and elevation of
upper eyelids.
 Squinting of the eyes (showing envy, distrust, etc.).
 Twitching of the lips and or excessive winking of the eyes.
 Failure to look the inquirer
"straight into the eyes".
 Excessive activity of the adam's apple and the vein at the
temple due to dryness of throat and mouth. Sometimes with
shivering of nose or nostrils.
 A peculiar monotone of the voice or a forced laugh
What are the External Observable Signs
and Symptoms of Lies/Deceptions?

 Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to another


 Often asks permission to go to comfort rooms, etc.
 Fidgeting, tapping or drumming of fingers on the chairs
or the other surfaces.
 Swinging of legs or one leg over the other.
 Unnecessary movements of hands and feet (like
scratching, nail biting, thumb or finger sucking).
 Pulsation of the artery in the neck.
 Incoherence, trembling and sweating of the whole
body.
What is the Non-verbal Behavioral
Assessment?

 Nonverbal is the corresponding line of suspect


assessment.
 In order to achieve a high level of assessment
reliability, the verbal portion of the assessment needs
to be linked with the more obvious responses of non-
verbal behavior.
 The combined total response record is what provides
the interrogator or interviewer with the information
and insight necessary to the determination of truth
and deception.

CUECO
What is the Non-verbal Behavioral Assessment?

 In general, what is being evaluated is the body of natural,


unintentional, often instinctual physical responses to certain
stimuli.

Sigmund Freud confirmed the significance of non-verbal behavior


in assessing the overall psychological state and the subconscious
effect of concealment:

"He that has no eyes to see, and ears to hear, may convince
himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent,
he chatters with his fingertips; betrayal comes out of him from
every pore."
What are the Categories of Non-verbal Behaviors?
1. Emblems - These are non-verbal behavior that expresses the
entire communication. No spoken words are necessary. Emblems
are accurate clues of person's true feelings and statements.
However, emblems cannot be seen as universal or they do not
have the same meaning in all society. Interviewers must be very
careful against misreading emblems and must take into
consideration that emblems are dependent on an interviewee's
societal and cultural
background.

Example:
 Rising of a person's hand standing alongside the road
to "hitch" a ride, even though he never said a word.
Thumb rising when asked how he feels about being interviewed.

What are the Categories of Non-verbal Behaviors?

2. Illustrators are non-verbal behaviors which assist the listener better


understand the verbal communication. They indicate consistency
between non-verbal and verbal messages. Since the speaker is
attempting to assist the listener in understanding what is being said, as
illustrators increase, the probability of truthfulness increases. As they
decreases, or suddenly stop, the possibility of deception increases.

Example:
 Speaker who uses his hand to demonstrate the beat of his words.
 A distasteful facial expression of a person as he tells you that what
he is eating is not very good.
 Banging on the table by a person with his fist as he speaks angrily.
What are the Categories of Non-verbal Behaviors?

3. Adapters are non-verbal behaviors that serve no


purpose in helping the verbal communication, and
often detract from it. They are indicators of deception.
As with illustrators, adapters often occur as hand
gestures and body position and include any type of
rubbing, stroking, picking, massaging or touching of the
body or face.
Example:

When asked, "Did you commit that crime?" the suspect may
verbally reply, "No I did not!" If the response were accompanied by
an illustrator, like touching the chest, he would be confirming his
innocence. Verbally he would be saying, "I didn't do it!" then he
reinforces the statement nonverbally by pointing to him saying,
"You can look right at me, because I didn't do it!" On the other
hand, if he had covered his mouth as he squeezed his nose, he
would have used negative adapters. Covering his mouth makes the
verbal message more difficult to understand, while squeezing the
nose indicates disbelief in what is being said.

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