Medical Physics Lec 2 (3156)

STATIC ELECTRICITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Understand the basic Terms
Matter,Element,Compound ,Molecule and
Atom
• What is the structure of Atom?
• What is Electron theory?
• How Electric Charge produce ?
• Conductors and Insulators
• Matter: is any substance that has mass and
takes up space by having volume.
• Element:A basic substance which cannot be
split into simpler substances.
• Compound:A substance formed by the union of
two or more elements.
• Molecule: Is a smallest particle of any
substance ,element or compound that can exist
alone.
ATOM:
• The smallest particle of an element that can
take part in chemical reaction.
Structure of Atom
• Nucleus: The nucleus is at the center of the
atom and contains the protons and neutrons.
Protons and neutrons are collectively known as
nucleons.
• Protons: are positively charged particles
• Neutrons: don't have any charge
• Electrons: revolve around the nucleus in paths
called orbits or shells and carry negative charge.
• No of protons = ATOMIC NUMBER of the atom
• The atomic number is also given the more
descriptive name of proton number.
• No of protons + no of neutrons = MASS
NUMBER of the atom
• The mass number is also called the nucleon
number.
• Isotopes: Atoms of an element which contain
different numbers of neutrons .
Discovery of sub atomic particles
• In 1900, J.J.Thomson discovered the presence of the negatively
charged particles called electrons in the atom.
• In 1886, E.Goldstein discovered new radiations in gas
discharge tube and called them canal rays. These rays were
positively charged. This later led to the discovery of the
positively charged particles called protons in the atom.
• In 1932 Chadwick discovered the presence of particles having
no charge in the atom called neutrons.
Models of atomic structure
• Thomas model
• Rutherford model
• Bohrs model
Thomson’s model of an atom
• According to Thomson an atom is similar to a Christmas
pudding. The pudding had positive charge and the electrons
having negative charge were like plums on the pudding.
• He proposed that :-
i. An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the
electrons are embedded in it.
ii. The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude
So the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
Rutherford’s model of an atom
• Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment :-
• Rutherford allowed a beam of fast moving alpha
particles ( α –
• particles) having positive charge to fall on a thin gold
foil. He observed that :-
• i) Most of the α – particles passed straight through the
gold foil.
• ii) Some of the α – particles were slightly deflected by
small angles.
• iii) Very few α – particles appeared to rebound.
Defects of Rutherford’s model of the atom
• Any particle in a circular orbit would undergo

acceleration and during acceleration the
charged particle would radiate energy. So the
revolving electrons would lose energy and fall
into the nucleus and the atom would be
unstable. We know that atoms are stable.
Bohr’s model of an atom
i) An atom has a positively charged nucleus at its
center and most of
the mass of the atom is in the nucleus.
ii) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in special
orbits called discrete orbits.
iii) These orbits are called shells or energy levels and
are represented by the letters K, L, M, N etc. or
numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
iv) While revolving in the discrete orbits the electrons
do not radiate energy.
ELECTRON THEORY
• The electron theory states that since electrons
are negatively charged, current flows from the
most negative to the most positive point
within an electrical circuit. In other words,
current flows from negative to positive.
• This theory is widely accepted by the
electronic industry.
• Electron and protron charges interact to
create an electrical force.
• Like charges produce repulsive forces – so
they repel each other (e.g. electron and
electron or proton and proton repel each
other).
• Unlike charges produce attractive forces – so
they attract each other (e.g. electron and
proton attract each other
Electrostatic Charge:
• Electrons move from atom to atom to create
ions.
• positively charge ions result from the loss of
electrons and are called cations.
• Negatively charge ions result from the gain of
electrons and are called anions.
• The charge on an ion is called an electrostatic
charge.
• An object becomes electro statically charged
by
• Friction,which transfers electrons between
two objects in contact.
• Contact with a charged body which results in
the transfer of electrons.
• Induction which produces a charge
redistribution of electrons in a material.
Electrical Conductors and Insulators:
• Electrical conductors: are materials that
allows free movement of electrons inside
Metals are good conductors of electricity.
silver is the best electrical conductor.
• Electrical nonconductors (insulators) are
materials that do not allow movement of
electrons easily. Examples are wood, rubber
etc
• Semiconductors are materials whose
conductivity lies in between those of
conductors and insulators. Examples are
silicon, arsenic, germanium.
Law of Conservation of Energy
• The law of conservation of energy states
that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed - only converted from one form
of energy to another.
• By Friction(1)
Refrences
1.Pauline M .Scott for Claytons Electrotherapy and
Actinotherapy

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STATIC ELECTRICITY

• Any particle in a circular orbit would undergo

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