2-Elements in Java

Elements of a Java
Program
CSE1018
1
2
Rule to follow while naming identifiers such as class,
package, variable, constant, method, etc.
It is not forced to follow.
Suggested by Java communities such as Sun Microsystems

and Netscape.
Naming All the classes, interfaces, packages, methods and fields of
Java are given according to the naming convention.
Conventio If you fail to follow these conventions, it may generate
n
confusion or erroneous code.
By using standard Java naming conventions, code is easy to

read.
Readability indicates that less time is spent to figure out

what the code does.
3
Class:
• Start with the uppercase letter.
• It should be a noun such as Color, Button,
Naming System, Thread, etc.

• Use appropriate words, instead of acronyms.
Conventio public class Employee
n {
//code snippet
}
Method : 4
• It should start with lowercase letter.

• It should be a verb such as main(), print(), println().
• If the name contains multiple words, start it with a lowercase letter
followed by an uppercase letter such as actionPerformed().
class Employee
Naming
{
// method
Conventio void draw()
n {
//code snippet
}
Naming Convention: Variable :
 It should start with a lowercase letter such as id,

name.
 It should not start with the special characters
like & (ampersand), $ (dollar), _ (underscore).
 If the name contains multiple words, start it with
the lowercase letter followed by an uppercase
letter such as firstName, lastName.
 Avoid using one-character variables such as x, y, z.
class Employee
{
// variable int id;
//code snippet
} 5
6
Constant :
• It should be in uppercase letters such as RED, YELLOW.
• If the name contains multiple words, it should be separated by an
underscore(_) such as MAX_PRIORITY.
• It may contain digits but not as the first letter.
class Employee
Naming
{
Convention
//constant
static final int MIN_AGE = 18;
//code snippet
}
7
Structure of Java
Program
• Java is an object-oriented programming,
platform-independent, and secure
programming language that makes it
popular.
• Using the Java programming language,
we can develop a wide variety of
applications.
• So, before diving in depth, it is necessary
to understand the basic structure of Java
program in detail.
Documentation Section
• The documentation section is an important section but optional for a Java
program. It includes basic information about a Java program. Whatever we
write in the documentation section, the Java compiler ignores the
statements during the execution of the program. To write the statements
in the documentation section, we use comments. The comments may be
single-line, multi-line, and documentation comments.
• Single-line Comment: It starts with a pair of forwarding slash (//). For
example:
• Multi-line Comment: It starts with a /* and ends with */. We write
between these two symbols. For example:
8
Package Declaration
The package declaration is optional. It is placed just after the documentation section.
In this section, we declare the package name in which the class is placed.
Note that there can be only one package statement in a Java program.
It must be defined before any class and interface declaration.

It is necessary because a Java class can be placed in different packages and directories
based on the module they are used.
For all these classes package belongs to a single parent directory.
We use the keyword package to declare the package name.
package packaename;
9
Class Definition
• In this section, we define the class. It is vital part

of a Java program. Without the class, we cannot
create any Java program.
• A Java program may conation more than one
class definition. We use the class keyword to
define the class.
• The class is a blueprint of a Java program.
• It contains information about user-defined
methods, variables, and constants.
• Every Java program has at least one class that
contains the main() method. For example:
class Student //class definition

{
}
10
• In this section, we define variables and
constants that are to be used later in the
program.
Class • In a Java program, the variables and
constants are defined just after the class
Variables
definition.
• The variables and constants store values
of the parameters. It is used during the
&
execution of the program.
• We can also decide and define the scope
of variables by using the modifiers. It
Constant defines the life of the variables. For

example:
class Student //class definition
s {
String sname; //variable
int id;
double percentage; 11
12 • In this section, we define the main()
method.
• It is essential for all Java programs.
• Because the execution of all Java
programs starts from the main()
method.
• In other words, it is an entry point of
the class.
• It must be inside the class. Inside the
main method, we create objects and
call the methods. We use the following
statement to define the main()
Main Method
method:
public static void main(String args[])
Class
{
}
File Name: first.java First Java Program
class first
{
{
System.out.println (“Welcome to JAVA”);
}
}
BCSE103E Computer Programming: JAVA 13

14
Compiling Java Program

Compile and
Run – javac first.java
Command
Line Running Java Program
Execution
java first
BCSE103E Computer Programming: JAVA
After
Compilation – Bytecode
Class file version of

the
program
generation
After Running
- Output
First Java Program
File Name: first.java
class first class – Java Keyword

{ first – Identifier for ‘first’ class
} Class Definition with members along with

access specifier (default or public)

First Java Program
public class first
Access Specifier – Code from outside class can access this method
{
Program Entry Point – First method to
public static void main(String args[]) be executed in the Compilation Unit
{ Call this method, without creating
an object of ‘first’ class
Return value of this method
}
} Array of String Object – args - Read values from command line @

running
First Java Program
public class first
{
{ Display the String and values
System.out.println (“Hello VIT Students”);
}
Predefined Java Class to
}
access this method
Output stream to standard output device
Next Program
class basic
{
{ variable declaration type var-name
int num; assignment operator

num = 100; num to be appended
System.out.println("This is num: " + num); operator

num = num * 2;
System.out.println("The value of num * 2 is ");
System.out.println(num);
}
} BCSE103E Computer Programming: JAVA 20
To Display your Residential and University
Address
To convert money amount from Rupees into

US Dollars and Vice-versa (Rs. 6000/-) &
($456)
Write a Java
Program To perform subtraction, multiplication,
division and modulo of two integers (20, 10)
To convert minutes into hours and seconds

into minutes (220 minutes) & (45 seconds)

22
Herbert Schildt, The Complete Reference – java, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,

10th Edition, 2017
Paul J. Deitel, Harvey Deitel, Java SE8 for programmers (Deitel Developer
Series) 3rd Edition, 2014
Reference Y. Daniel Liang, Introduction to Java Programming-Comprehensive Version-

10th Edition, Pearson Ltd, 2015
s Kathy Sierra, Bert Bates , Head First Java, 2nd Edition 2nd Edition , O'Reilly
Media; 2nd edition (February 19, 2005)
Cay S. Horstmann, Core Java Volume I—Fundamentals 9th Edition, Prentice

Hall; 9 edition (December 7, 2012) Joshua Bloch, Effective Java-2nd Edition,
Addison-Wesley; (May 28, 2008).
https://www.javatpoint.com/java-tutorial

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Elements of a Java

It is not forced to follow.

Suggested by Java communities such as Sun Microsystems

By using standard Java naming conventions, code is easy to

Readability indicates that less time is spent to figure out

Naming System, Thread, etc.

Conventio public class Employee

• It should start with lowercase letter.

Conventio void draw()

 It should start with a lowercase letter such as id,

static final int MIN_AGE = 18;

It must be defined before any class and interface declaration.

We use the keyword package to declare the package name.

• In this section, we define the class. It is vital part

class Student //class definition

Constant defines the life of the variables. For

BCSE103E Computer Programming: JAVA 13

Compiling Java Program

Class file version of

class first class – Java Keyword

} Class Definition with members along with

BCSE103E Computer Programming: JAVA 17

} Array of String Object – args - Read values from command line @

int num; assignment operator

System.out.println("This is num: " + num); operator

To convert money amount from Rupees into

To convert minutes into hours and seconds

BCSE103E Computer Programming: JAVA 21

Herbert Schildt, The Complete Reference – java, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,

Reference Y. Daniel Liang, Introduction to Java Programming-Comprehensive Version-

Cay S. Horstmann, Core Java Volume I—Fundamentals 9th Edition, Prentice

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