Final Report in Morphology

MORPHOLOGICAL
ANALYSIS
Presented by:
ALOHA J. DELA
PEÑA
MORPHOLOGICAL
A N A LY S I S
 is a method for identifying, structuring and

investigating the total set of possible
relationships contained in a given word or
sentence.
DEFINITION OF
MORPHOLOGY
Morphology is the study of the structure and formation

of words.
Its most important unit is the morpheme, which is defined

as the "minimal unit of meaning".
(Linguistics textbooks usually define it slightly differently

as "the minimal unit of grammatical analysis".)
Consider a word like: "unhappiness". This has three
parts:
There are three morphemes, each carrying a certain

amount of meaning. un means "not", while ness means
"being in a state or condition". Happy is a free morpheme
because it can appear on its own (as a "word" in its own
right).
Stem
•A stem is a base morpheme to which another morphological piece is
attached.
•It can be simple, made up of only one part, or complex, itself made up of
more than one piece.
Example:
Word reconsideration. We can break it into three morphemes:

re-, consider, and -ation.
- Consider is called the stem.
Root
•A root is like a stem in constituting the core of the word to which other
pieces attach, but the term refers only to morphologically simple units.
Example:
Disagree is the stem of disagreement, because it is the base to which
-ment attaches, but agree is the root. Taking disagree now, agree is
both the stem to which dis- attaches and the root of the entire word.
Affix
• An additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or
word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning.
Example:
Reconsideration
 re- and -ation are both afﬁxes
Prefix
• A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly
indicates its meaning.
•Common prefixes include anti-(against), co- (with), mis- (wrong, bad).
Example:
dis- = apart, away, disappears.”
Suffix
• A letter or group of letters attached to the end of a word that partly
indicates its meaning.
Example: -ful = have, beautiful
Bound morphemes have to be attached to a free morpheme, and so
cannot be words in their own right. Thus you can't have sentences in
English such as
"Jason feels very un ness today".
Morphological processes
1. Inflection
•Process of changing the form of a word so that it expresses

information such as number, person, case, gender, tense, mood
and aspect, but the syntactic category of the word remains
unchanged.
• As an example, the plural form of the noun in English is usually
formed from the singular form by adding an s.
car / cars
table / tables
dog / dogs
• Other
examples of Inflection:
By adding
a)’s (possessive)
b)-ing (verb suffix meaning “in process” : is
reading)
c) -er (comparative: smarter)
d)-est (superlatve suffix: smartest)
e)-ed (past tense or irregular variants, as
in
bought and ate)
f) “perfect” suffix on verbs ( -en, as in he has
taken the cake.)
2. Derivation
- Derivation does change the category. Linguists classify

derivation in English according to whether or not it induces a
change of pronunciation.
- For instance, adding the suffix ity changes the pronunciation

of the root of active so the stress is on the second syllable:
activity.
-The addition of the suffix al to approve doesn't change the

pronunciation of the root: approval.
Derivational Affixes
 In Nouns
- age (appendage) - ity (personality)
- al (arrival) - let (outlet)
- ance (acceptance) -ment (government)
-ness (kindness) -ful (handful)
-tion (absorption) -ship (friendship)
-ism (socialism) -ist (socialist)
-er (babysitter) -ant (assistant)
-icle (particle) -ure (departure)
 In Verbs
-ate (satiate) -re (rewrite)
-ize (regularize) un- (undo)
-en (harden) de- (deregulate)
-ify (glorify)
Derivational Affixes
 In Adjectives
-able (readable) -like (childlike)
-al (accidental) -ory (regulatory)
anti- (anti-war) -ous (porous)
-ary (visionary) -semi (semilogical)
-ent (confident) -super (supermarket)
-ful (beautiful) -trans (trans-Siberian)
-ish (boyish) -ultra (ultrasensitive)
-less (priceless)
-ive (active)
-in (intolerant)
 In Adverbs
-ly (slowly) -wise (timewise)
 In Members of More Than One World Class

-an (American [noun and adjective])
-ly (friendly [adjective], eagerly [adverb])
post- (postscript [noun], postdate [verb])
pre- (preview [noun and verb])
Summary
Inflectional Derivational
Always follow any derivational Always precede any inflectional

suffixes. suffixes.
Eg: Eg:
authorizing statements
{author} + {-ize} + {-ing} {state} + {ment} + {s}
Summary
Inflectional Derivational
Never change part of speech of Often change part of speech of

base. base.
Eg: Eg:
boy (noun singular) boy (noun)
boys (noun plural) Boyish (adjective)
Analysing morphemes:
You can do this in 3 ways :-
1. By dividing it up with hyphens
e.g. truth-ful-ness
2. By using a tree diagram OR hierarchical structure
N
A
N
truth - ful - ness

Dividing with hyphens
Divide into base form + morphemes

truth = one morpheme
truthful = base form + bound morpheme
(truth-ful)
truthfulness = base form + bound + bound
(truth-ful-ness)
Constructing tree diagrams (1)
i. Divide the word into its constuent morphemes

e.g. greed-i-ness
ii. Decide the root and its grammatical category :

greed = noun (N)
iii. Decide the grammatical category of all the new words

created by the other morphemes
greedy = adjective (A)
greediness = noun (N)
Constructing tree diagrams (2)
i. Write the divided word at the bottom of the page

greed-i-ness
ii. Write the grammatical category N

of the root and join it to the word:
greed
iii. Write the grammatical category
of all the new words created by
the other morphemes A
N
and join them up
greed-i greed-i-ness
Now write the word and connect up all the categories.
Can you label the boxes?
Answers..
Greed >
Greedy >
Greediness
MORPHOLOGICAL
ANALYSIS
PERFORMANCE TASK
Group 1
1. dangerously
2. misconceive
Group 2
1. thoughtless
2. sinkable
Group 3
1. replaceability
2. contradictory
Group 4
1. glorify
2. disappearance
REFERENCES
Ingo Plag. (2003). Word-Formation in English.
Cambridge University Press.
Jeffrey P. Kaplan. (1989). English Grammar

Principles and Facts. Prentice- Hall International
Michael Newby. (1987). The Structure of English.

Cambridge University Press.
Thomas P. Klammer. (1992). Analyzing English

Grammar. Allyn and Bacon.
THANK YOU!!!

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MORPHOLOGICAL

 is a method for identifying, structuring and

Morphology is the study of the structure and formation

Its most important unit is the morpheme, which is defined

(Linguistics textbooks usually define it slightly differently

There are three morphemes, each carrying a certain

Word reconsideration. We can break it into three morphemes:

•Process of changing the form of a word so that it expresses

- Derivation does change the category. Linguists classify

- For instance, adding the suffix ity changes the pronunciation

-The addition of the suffix al to approve doesn't change the

 In Members of More Than One World Class

Always follow any derivational Always precede any inflectional

Never change part of speech of Often change part of speech of

2. By using a tree diagram OR hierarchical structure

truth - ful - ness

Divide into base form + morphemes

i. Divide the word into its constuent morphemes

ii. Decide the root and its grammatical category :

iii. Decide the grammatical category of all the new words

i. Write the divided word at the bottom of the page

ii. Write the grammatical category N

Jeffrey P. Kaplan. (1989). English Grammar

Michael Newby. (1987). The Structure of English.

Thomas P. Klammer. (1992). Analyzing English

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