PRINCIPLE OF MODULE 1

NURSING
PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT
Law – a rule of conduct to be established and enforce by the
government of a society.
• Legal Right – a claim which can be enforced by legal means
against a person whose duty is to respect it.
1. Complainant/defendant
2. Criminal Case- Plaintiff/accused
3. Plaintiff – a person or government bringing a lawsuit against
another.
Due Process - is fair and orderly process which aims to protect and
enforce a person’s right.
Fundamental requirements of Due Process:
1. Right to be informed
2. Right to remain silent
3. Right to have competent counsel
4. No use of violence, threat, torture
Pre-trial – eliminates matters not in dispute, agrees on issues or settle
procedural matters.
Trial – facts are presented and determined; law is applied at the end. -
=Summons – is a writ commanding an authorized person to notify a
party to appear in court to answer a complaint made against him.
Witness – person giving necessary details.
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
Homicide - involves the killing of one person by another, while a murder
involves the killing of another with intent.
Felonies – act or omission punishable by law
Common torts include: assault, battery, damage to personal property,
conversion of personal property, and intentional infliction of emotional
distress.
Stages of Felonies:
1. Consummated – all elements of the crime are executed and there is
successful result.
2. Frustrated- all elements executed, no successful result.
3. Attempted- Attempts to start commission of offense but no successful
Classification of persons criminally liable:
1. Principal a. By direct participation – doer of the act b. By
inducement – induces or pays another to commit the crime. c.
By indispensable cooperation – participation is necessary for
the commission of the crime.
2. Accomplice – accessory before the fact.
3. Accessory – accessory after the fact a) Profiting themselves
or assisting others to profit b) Concealing/destroying the
evidence of the crime c) Harboring or assisting the escape of
the principal.
Crime – an offense against person or property
• Assault – a threat or an attempt to make bodily contact with
another person without that persons permission.
• Defamation – the wrong of slander and libel
• Libel – an untruthful , written statement about a person that
subject him to ridicule or contempt
• Defendant – a person accused of a tort or crime
• Tort – a “civil wrong” which unlike a crime which is wrong
committed against the state, is a wrong committed against an
individual.
TORT
TORT means “WRONG” - Is a violation of a duty imposed by
civil law.
Examples:
• Defamation
• Negligence
Interference with contract – stealing a client away from a
competitor.
• Fraud – offering to sell something that doesn’t exist.
• Parricide – The offender or victim is the father, mother, brothers or sisters legitimate or illegitimate,
ascendant, descendant or the spouse.
• Murder- the killing of another person with any of the enumerated aggravating circumstances provided
by the law. Aggravating circumstances:
1. take advantage of public position
2. committed with abuse of confidence
3. on occasion of earthquake, epidemic, calamity
4. for price or reward
5. fire, poison, explosion
6. evident premeditation
7. craft, fraud or disguise
8. treachery
• Homicide - involves the killing of one person by another, while a murder involves the killing of
another with intent.
• Infanticide – the killing of an infant less than three days old from delivery.
• Abortion – termination of pregnancy
• Illegal detention/false imprisonment – Deprive another of freedom of movement or spaces.
• Robbery – taking of the personal property of another by means of force, violence or
intimidation.
• Theft – taking the personal property of another without his/her consent.
• Invasion of privacy - Intruding upon another's solitude or private affairs is subject to
liability if the intrusion is considered highly offensive to a reasonable person. This tort is
often associated with "peeping Toms," someone illegally intercepting private phone calls, or
snooping through someone's private records.
• Defamation- character assassination
a. Slander – oral
b. b. Libel - written
VOCABULARY
• Good Samaritan law – a law that holds a certain health practitioners
harmless
• Health practitioner – one engage in the practice of dispensing health
care services
• Standard of care – a description of conduct that illustrate what a
reasonably prudent person would have done , or would have not done
under similar circumstances
• Malpractice – Also known as professional negligence, is an "instance of
negligence or incompetence on the part of a professional".
• Negligence – Failure to take proper care in doing something. – Failure
to use reasonable care, resulting in damage or injury to another.
VOCABULARY
• Respondent superior –the master – servant rule that
states that an employer is legally liable for his employees
act.
• Responsibility – an obligation to perform some act or
which one can be held accountable.
• Testator – one who makes a last will
• Waiver – a legal provision that gives up a right to a claim
VOCABULARY
• Client – any person receiving services to from a
health practitioner.
• Patient – any person well or ill which receives services
of health practitioners.
• Continuity of care – a continuum of care
ETHICS AND LEGAL ASPECTS
Ethics –is a code of rule set up to govern behavior . These behaviors always takes
into consideration the feelings of all concerned . These behavior are based on the
respect of individuals and their rights .
• Do your job correctly to the best of your ability . This means you should ask for
assistance when you are unable to do an assignment correctly.it is not ethical to
accept an assignment with out knowing the correct way to do it . Be honest with your
patients , their families , and your co – workers .
• The health care workers must be aware of and abide by the legal considerations or
rule of conduct enacted by a government body. All institutions have standards of care
based on the federal , state and local laws and rules , facility policies and current
nursing practices .
 ETHICS AND LEGAL ASPECT
Health practitioners must exhibit ethical behavior .
1. Perform to the best of your ability
2. Be loyal to your employer , co – workers , patients and their families
3. Be accountable for your actions
4. Perform only duties legally permitted
5. Respect the people and environment around you
6. Maintain confidentiality
7. Safeguards the patients right to privacy
8. Keep the patient free from abuse or neglect
9. Safeguard the patients property
10. Report incidents and errors to the nurse immediately
WORK DEFINED
Work is the legitimate use our mental and bodily
powers for economic gain or profit.
• Work is the use or application of our physical powers
to accomplish certain task.
• Work is for the purpose of obtaining an economic
gain for the laborer.
PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS
1. The patient has the right to considerate and respectful care
2. The patient has the right to obtain from his physician
complete current information concerning his diagnosis ,
treatment and prognosis in terms the patient can reasonably to
under stand
3. The patient has the right to receive from his physician
information necessary to informed consent of any procedure
and / or treatment
4. The patient has the right to refuse treatment to the extent
permitted by law , and to be informed of the medical
consequences of his action
PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS
5 . The patient has a right to any consideration of his privacy
concerning his own medical program.
6 . The patient has the right to expect that all communications
and records pertaining to his care should treated as
confidential
7. The patient has the right to expect that within its capacity
the hospital must make a reasonable response to the request of
a patient service
8 . The patient has the right to obtain information as any
relationship of his care is concerned
PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS

9. The patient has the right to be advised if the hospital proposes to engage in or
perform human experimentation affecting his care or treatment.
10. The patient has the right to expect continuity of care.
11. The patient has the right to examine and receive an explanation of his bill
regardless of source of payment.
12. The patient has the right to know what hospital rules and regulations apply to his
conduct as a patient.
CULTURES
• Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions
of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been
called "the way of life for an entire society." As such, it includes codes of manners,
dress, language, religion, rituals, art.
• Cultural characteristics have a wide – ranging influence on individual lives. It is
important for the health care practitioner to be familiar with the cultural background
of the person with whom she / he has frequent contact .
CULTURES
The health practitioner should be aware of the patients daily living such as those involving:
1. Sleeping
2. Eating
3. Personal hygiene
4. Work
5. Social interaction
6. Health practices
7. Childrearing
8. Expression of feeling
9. Kinship relations
10. Role of persons
SUBCULTURE
Cultures are frequently composed of sub – cultures
• Subcultures – is a group within the culture and does not hold all beliefs of the
larger culture or give them different significance.
• Subcultures are cultural groups that are the marginalized minority cultures. It's not
often you see them in dominant mass media discourse, and when you see them they're
often shown in stereotypical manners.
Examples of subcultures include the hippies, hipsters, cosplay, hip hop, punks, emos,
and goths.
CULTURES
• Many persons of various culture used both professional medicine and folk medicine
• Professional medicine refers to the methods and techniques of health care that is
based on formal studies and scientific research and provided by the various health
discipline.
• Folk medicines practices are the methods techniques of health care that are
traditional part of culture. Folk medicine practices are important part of the culture
and are inter twined with other cultural values , beliefs , and practices. They also
frequently overlap with religious practices.
KINDS OF CULTURE

1. Non - material culture ( intangible ) –

includes beliefs , morals, laws ,
customs , traditions , folkways , mores ,
etc.
2. Material culture ( tangible ) includes
man technologies.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
1. Culture is learned – man is not born with culture , but he is born with capacity to
acquire and learn the culture of his group.
2. All people have varied culture – every society has its own cultural values that is
entirely different from others.
3. Culture is a group product – man cannot develop a culture of his own if he is
alone. 4. Culture is transmitted – the learned cultures of the past generation are
transmitted to posterity through education. What we are today is the product of what
they were before.
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE
1. Culture is a reflection of a community or nation. This makes culture a vital and
important determining factor of how the community reacts, responds, and grows.
Through the development of culture man can overcome his physical handicapped.
2. Culture plays a major role in the lives of everyone in the society.
3. Culture gives you a sense of belonging, especially when everyone speaks the same
language.
Language is one of the most important parts of any culture. It is the way by which
people communicate with one another, build relationships, and create a sense of
community.
4 TYPES OF NORMS
NORMS – expected pattern of behavior.
1. Folkways – no formal punishment, but disapproval from others Examples:
a) not wearing white/ivory as a bride b) picking nose in public c) talking to yourself
(loudly) in public
4 TYPES OF NORMS
2. Mores – relates to morals. Morally wrong is defined by society.
SOMETIMES formal punishment.
Examples: a) Rape (formal punishment)
b) adultery (no formal punishment)
c) marrying a close relative
d) marrying more than one person at a time
4 TYPES OF NORMS
3. Laws – Formal punishment, written rules. SOMETIMES associated with mores. •
Examples: Running red lights, speeding, murder, rape, illegal drug use.
4. Taboos – unspeakable, forbidden behaviors. Things that happen in society that no
one wants to believe actually happen.
A taboo is an activity that is forbidden or sacred based on religious beliefs or morals.
Breaking a taboo is extremely objectionable in society as a whole. Around the world,
an act may be taboo in one culture and not in another.
4 TYPES OF NORMS
Example of Taboo activities:
• Blood products-Jehovah Witnesses are forbidden to use bloodproducts, including
blood transfusions.
• Cannibalism-a human being eating the flesh of another human being.
• Circumcision-this is practiced by Jews for religious reasons.
• Flowers- giving an even number of flowers is taboo in Russia because they are for
the dead.
• Pork is forbidden to Muslims as are foods containing pork products. Other meats,
including beef and chicken, are also taboo if they are not slaughtered according to
Islamic standards, making them Halal, or permissible for consumption.
4 TYPES OF NORMS
• Chinese tradition believes that long noodles symbolize a long life, so if you're
lucky enough to eat a big steaming bowl of long noodles, don't cut them—it
symbolizes cutting a long life short. While eating at the table, you should never point
your chopsticks at another person.
• While dining in Italy, you should never ask for extra cheese unless it is offered to
you. It’s seen as a challenge of the chef’s cooking abilities.
• If you finish a bottle of vodka, the empty bottle should always be placed on the
ground. Russians believe that placing an empty bottle back on the table causes bad
luck.
• As a sign of respect in Korea, you should never begin eating at the dinner table
until the eldest or most senior person has begun eating. While you might think that it
is polite to show up just a few minutes early for a dinner party in America, it is
actually rude to show up early for dinner in Tanzania. Guests should always arrive
15 or 20 minutes late for a meal to be polite.
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE
• CULTURE CHANGE –May occur either by accident or
direction.it is brought about the passage time , migration , and
other factors
• CULTURAL RELATIVISM – Refers to the practices
considered immoral or taboo to a certain group of people ,
moral to other society. Ex. Polygamy , pre marital sex , etc.
• CULTURE SHOCK – is the term use to denote the feeling of
depression , often express as homesickness , caused by living in
a foreign environment.
• CULTURAL VALUES – refers to the collective ethical ,
aesthetics and religious values of the community including
artistic inclination , poetry , music , paintings , literature and
MAJOR CULTURES IN THE USA
• WHITE MIDDLE – CLASS CULTURE A belief in
individualism is usually prevalent throughout the white middle
class. The characteristics of this belief are interpreted differently.
However , they generally include the ideas that the adults are
expected to be responsible in activities related to society’s welfare
and that each person has the rights that deserve protection. People
are expected to take initiative and to function relatively
independently. A person right to a privacy is considered important.
An examination of the white middle class culture the following
• Achievement is prized. The value placed on achieving promotes
high standards of performance , competition ,efficacy ,
productivity , and progress
WHITE MIDDLE – CLASS
CULTURE
• Youth is generally valued over old age. Body defects and
handicapped are carefully avoided or repaired when ever possible.
• Cleanliness , orderliness , and attractiveness are common values.
A great deal of time , energy and money is spent on perfecting
external appearances.
• Generally , the nuclear family is highly valued by the white
middle class. grand parents and other extended family members
are not necessarily abandoned , but the home life , activities , plans
and concerns most often focus on the nuclear family.
WHITE MIDDLE – CLASS
CULTURE
• Most of the white middle – class have a protestant background. Whether they
actually accept this religious orientation or not, the associated puritan ethic is
generally prevalent.
• Folk medicine beliefs and practices. Folk practices of the middle class have not
been generally discussed. However , one sense the use of over the counter drugs ,
especially vitamins and self diagnosis is prevalent and might considered common
folk medicine practice in this culture.
• Common health problems. The value placed on achievement and its correlates is
thought by some authorities to be at least partially responsible for some health
problems middle- class people , such as cardio-vascular , gastro intestinal diseases ,
some form of cancer , auto accident , suicides , mental illness , chemical abuses.
BLACK CULTURE
• The black culture retains some characteristics of its African origin , although the
American heritage of nearly all blacks in the united states goes back more than 300
years. The black culture is significantly influenced by poverty. As a result of the
effect of slavery and discrimination , a large percentage of black have lived in the
lowest socio – economic class for generation.
The following characteristics are common in the black culture
• People are generally present oriented. Their concerns and effort are focused on day
to day happenings rather than of the past or the future.
• Personal appearance is important. Grooming , especially hair care and wearing
apparel , reflects the facts that self – worth in the black culture is often related to
appearance.
BLACK CULTURE
• Close family relationship usually exist between several generation and extended
family members. Families ordinarily maintain close and close relationship even after
children are grown.
• Religion plays an important role in the black culture. It is usually a blend of
traditional and Christian influences.
• Folk medicine belief and practices. Traditional folk medicine practices vary
extensively in the black culture and generally are combined with religious beliefs.
Events are classified into natural and unnatural categories . Natural events are
predictable and I harmony with God . Unnatural events are unpredictable , in
disharmony with god and often the work of evil.
BLACK CULTURE
• Common health problems. Because of the prevalence of poverty in the black culture ,
health problems resulting from inadequate sanitation , nutrition , and housing are
frequent.
1. Lead poisoning
2. Respiratory infections
3. Tuberculosis
4. Infant and maternal death . Is greater than the majority population.
5. Inaccessibility of adequate health care
6. Inflammation of hair follicle
7. Various type of dermatitis
8. Excessive growth of scar tissue (keloids)
SPANISH – SPEAKING
CULTURE
• The Spanish culture in the united states is primarily
composed of three sub-cultures.
1. Mexican American – largest Spanish speaking sub culture
and called chicanos. They have Spanish and indian heritage
and majority resides in the south west.
2. Hispanic –descendants of the early Spanish settlers and
American indians
3. Puerto Ricans – Spanish and black heritage and lived
primarily at east coast.
SPANISH SPEAKING CULTURE
Common characteristics of the Spanish speaking culture:
• The family is generally the primary unit of society and is extremely important. The
welfare of the family is highly valued than that of each person and often takes
precedence when a choice must be made.
• Many of the Spanish speaking persons tend to isolate themselves in their own
communities. A contributing factor is that English may not be spoken or is a second
language.
• Religion is generally a fundamental part of the culture. Roman Catholicism is the
pre dominant faith , and religious practices play a significant part in their lives.
• Persons of this culture generally believe in the necessity of balance between
humans and nature for good health to exist. Persons of this culture believe that
natural illness result from imbalance in God’s natural world and that supernatural
illness is the result of Satan and his followers.
 SPANISH SPEAKING CULTURE
Folk medicine beliefs and practices. There is always an older member who
initially treats mild illness at home . various herbs and home remedies are
often used.
• Curandero(man) and Curandera (woman) are healers by virtue of divine
blessing. They use prayers , rituals , herbs , massages to treat illnesses but do
not use counter magic against witches.
• The espiritualisto is a male spiritualist healer who has the ability to predict
the future , communicate with spirits , removes curses. A espiritualista is a
female spiritualist healer. Folk healers are generally respected in Spanish –
speaking communities. Their assistance is sought first or simultaneously
with practitioner of professional medicine.
SPANISH SPEAKING CULTURE
• Common Health Problems. Like other minority group , Spanish -speaking person
have a high incidence of health problems associated with poverty . Inadequate
medical care is thought to be responsible for a higher incidence of death from;
1. Rheumatic fever
2. lack of pre – natal care which results
3. Pneumonia from mother and infant mortality
4. Influenza
5. Poor nutrition
NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE
• The native American culture is composed of several
hundred different sub – culture called tribes. Each tribe has
its own language , traditions ,beliefs , and practices. While
each tribes is distinctive , there are commonalities .
• Native Americans , or American indian as they are
frequently called , are found throughout the united states ,
althought majority live in the west. About half million
Indians in the united states live on reservation. Majority of
the reservation live in isolated area and exist in poverty.
NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE
• Characteristics of native American . Most tribes share a
beliefs in the importance of balance or harmony that exist in
humans and their environment. Imbalances often result in
illness. Health care practices are frequently closely associated
with religious and super natural beliefs. God is the giver and
the cause of life , therefore , illness is related to him .
Microorganism are not generally acknowledge as a cause of
disease. The belief system generally includes a cyclic notion of
birth , living , and death . Humans experience the natural
cycles themselves and are part of the same cycle that involves
the world in which they lived. sharing is an important value.
Little importance is attached to material possession s except as
they can be shared with others.
 NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE
Extended family and tribal kinship relations are important. Several
generations , as well as great aunts and great uncles , cousins and tribally
related persons , are often involved in making decisions , rearing children ,
providing support and assistance , and in sharing good fortune and problems .
Folk medicines , beliefs and practices. Most Indian tribes have a folk
medicine , beliefs and practices that incorporate the super natural and natural.
There is generally a health practitioner in the extended family that is
consulted initially about illness . There may also be someone in the
community who has had experience in caring the sick and whose assistance is
sought. Both of these people commonly use various home remedies , herbs ,
and plants in their treatment. The tribal medicine man is a person who has had
special preparation in the use of natural herbal and medicinal curing as well as
super natural cures that incorporate religious beliefs.
NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE
• Interestingly , hundreds of the plants and herbs originally discovered by the
American Indians are now scientifically accepted and used I various forms by
practitioner of professional medicine. Common health problems. A number of health
problems consistent in living with poverty are prevalent among Indians , like;
1. Tuberculosis
2. Malnutrition
3. Communicable diseases
4. Maternal and infant mortality are high
5. High rates of suicide and alcoholism are two major health problems
ASIAN CULTURE
• The beliefs and practices of Asian culture originated in the countries of eastern
Asia. it includes :
1. China
2. Japan
3. Korea
4. Philippines
5. Vietnam
And other southeastern Asian countries. Various historical reasons , the Chinese sub
culture had a greater influence than any other countries on the general Asian culture.
However , the various subculture are distinctive.
ASIAN CULTURE
• Certain characteristics common of the Asian culture. The universe is believe to be
compose of interacting entities. Energy for regulating the universe comes from the
opposing forces of yin and yang. For harmony to exist , yin and yang must be in
balance. Yin is the negative , dark , cold , empty force. Yang is the positive , light ,
warm , full of force is needed to counter balance it and restore equilibrium .
The extended family and the persons lineage or ancestry is generally important.
Several generations of people often live together or at least in close proximity. The
father is usually the major figure in the family. The welfare of the family is generally
valued above the person.
Children are reared according to their sex and place of birth in the family line. This
pattern results in each person having feeling of commitment and belonging to the
family.
 ASIAN CULTURE
A strong sense of self – respect and self control are important value. These values are held important to help to avoid
personal and family disgrace. Sharing among families members and respect for age is characteristics value.
• Folk – medicine beliefs and practices. Consistent with the eastern philosophy of balance , health is believed to
result from equilibrium between the opposing forces of yin and yang. Illness occurs when the balance is not present.
Health care is oriented toward maintaining or reestablishing the necessary balance.
• Important folk medicine in Asia
1. Meditation – is used to prevent or control strong emotional feelings.
2. Diet
3. Herbalism
4. Acumassage
5. Acupressure
6. Acupuncture
7. Spiritual healing
 ASIAN CULTURE
• Spiritual healing is the use of psychic energies and auras to heal another person , and is generally associated
with religious practices.
Common health problems
1. Tuberculosis
2. Communicable diseases
3. Malnutrition is prevalent
4. Lactose enzyme deficiency resulting in poor tolerance for milk and milk product
5. Suicide
6. Mental illness
These are all associated with poverty , it is felt that the conflict associated with their contrast between the
traditional Asian culture and the majority culture in this country is an important factor in emotional and mental
illnesses among Asians
 ASIAN CULTURE
• Dietary practices are based on the classification foods as yin (cold) and yang
(hot). But the hot and cold designation do not necessarily relate to the
temperature of the food. • A healthy diet consist of a mixture of yin and yang
foods. Such as meat and vegetables. Excesses of any type of food are
discouraged. A yang illness is treated with yin foods. Herbs are used
extensively for their various medicinal quality , many of them have
demonstrated to have a medicinal qualities. • Acumassage , acupressure ,
acupuncture are therapeutic techniques base on the premise of their energy
balance. certain points of the body are located on the meridians or the energy
pathways. acumassage is a technique of manipulating points along the energy
pathways. Acupressure is a technique for compressing the energy pathway
points. Acupuncture is a technique in which the fine needles are inserted into
the body at energy pathway points.
 RELIGION AND HEALTH
• Jewish Sabbath and holy days. - Begins on Friday at sundown and ends on
Saturday at sundown. It is a day of worship and rest. For the patient who
observes Sabbath , treatment and procedures should be postponed provided that
the postponement will not harm the patient. Important Jewish Holy days:
• Rosh Hashanah – new years day , usually occurs in September. It the beginning
of a 10 days period of reflection and considerations of life problems and end
with Yom kippur
• Yom kippur – day of atonement
• Hanukkah – occurs on December , it is the festival recalling ancient resistance
to tyranny and is the time for rejoicing and giving of gifts.
• Passover – occurs in the spring and is observed for 7 days . It is a festival of
redemption that recalls the departure of the Jews from Egypt.
RELIGION AND HEALTH
• Christianity – teaches the trinity of God , that is , there are 3 persons in one God :
God the father , God the son , and God the holy spirit. God the father is the creator
and the source of life. The son of God is Jesus Christ , who came into the world in
human form , suffered , and died for the salvation of all men. Christianity holds
resurrection and immortality as a central concept. Although social responsibility ,
salvation is found through faith in the triune of God. However the two go together –
faith and good works.
• Islam – teaches that there is only one God ( God Almighty ), who is the creator and
source of life and there is almost 120,000 prophets from Adam to Mohammad (peace
upon him) including Jesus Christ. Who brought to humanity God’s teachings ,
directed them away from evil , and showed Godly ways to attain right and effective
moral and social responsibilities. They also taught the humanity the way of
salvation.
RELIGION AND HEALTH
Prayers- Muslims (follower of Islam) who are conscious and
healthy enough to perform prayer are obliged to have five times
must prayers in a day.
a) Before rising
b) Early afternoon
c) Late afternoon but before sun setting
d) At sun setting and
e) 1 ½ hours after sun setting to midnight
• Friday prayer- All the days are consider equal but on Friday , as
much as possible , everyday healthy person is expected to say the
second prayer at the mosque
THANK YOU...