BIOTEKNOLOGI TERNAK

Kuliah I
Pendahuluan dan Sejarah Perkembangan
Dr. Sarbaini Anwar, MSc
2011
 Introduction

What is Animal Biotechnology?

Animal biotechnology is the use of science
and engineering to modify living organisms.
The goal is to make products, to improve
animals and to develop microorganisms for
specific agricultural uses.

North carolina association for biomedical research

2
Examples :
creating transgenic animals (animals with
one or more genes introduced by human
intervention),
using gene knock out technology to make
animals with a specific inactivated gene
and producing nearly identical animals by
somatic cell nuclear transfer (or cloning).

North carolina association for biomedical research

3
 A Long History
The animal biotechnology in use today is
built on a long history. Some of the first
biotechnology in use includes traditional
breeding techniques that date back to 5000
B.C.E. Such techniques include crossing
diverse strains of animals (known as
hybridizing) to produce greater genetic
variety.

North carolina association for biomedical research

4
The offspring from these crosses then are
bred selectively to produce the greatest
number of desirable traits. For example,
female horses have been bred with male
donkeys to produce mules, and male horses
have been bred with female donkeys to
produce hinnies, for use as work animals, for
the past 3,000 years. This method continues
to be used today.

North carolina association for biomedical research

5
The modern era of biotechnology began in
1953, when American biochemist James
Watson and British biophysicist Francis
Crick presented their double-helix model of
DNA
That was followed by Swiss microbiologist
Werner Arber’s discovery in the 1960s of
special enzymes, called restriction enzymes,
in bacteria. These enzymes cut the DNA
strands of any organism at precise points.

North carolina association for biomedical research

6
In 1973, American geneticist Stanley Cohen
and American biochemist Herbert Boyer
removed a specific gene from one bacterium
and inserted it into another using restriction
enzymes. That event marked the beginning
of recombinant DNA technology, or genetic
engineering.
In 1977, genes from other organisms were
transferred to bacteria, an achievement that
led eventually to the first transfer of a
human gene.
North carolina association for biomedical research
7
The Technology Involved
Animal biotechnology in use today is based
on the science of genetic engineering. Under
the umbrella of genetic engineering exist
other technologies, such as transgenics and
cloning, that also are used in animal
biotechnology.

North carolina association for biomedical research

8
1. Transgenics
Transgenics (also known as recombinant
DNA) is the transferal of a specific gene
from one organism to another. Gene splicing
is used to introduce one or more genes of an
organism into a second organism. A
transgenic animal is created once the second
organism incorporates the new DNA into its
own genetic material.
North carolina association for biomedical research
9
In gene splicing, DNA cannot be transferred directly
from its original organism, the donor, to the
recipient organism, or the host. Instead, the donor
DNA must be cut and pasted, or recombined, into
a compatible fragment of DNA from a vector — an
organism that can carry the donor DNA into the
host.
The host organism often is a rapidly multiplying
microorganism such as a harmless bacterium,
which serves as a factory where the recombined
DNA can be duplicated in large quantities.

North carolina association for biomedical research

10
The subsequently produced protein then
can be removed from the host and used as a
genetically engineered product in humans,
other animals, plants, bacteria or viruses.
The donor DNA can be introduced directly
into an organism by techniques such as
injection through the cell walls of plants or
into the fertilized egg of an animal.

North carolina association for biomedical research

11
2. Cloning
Scientists use reproductive cloning techniques to
produce multiple copies of mammals that are
nearly identical copies of other animals, including
transgenic animals, genetically superior animals
and animals that produce high quantities of milk
or have some other desirable trait.
To date, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses, mules,
cats, rats and mice have been cloned, beginning
with the first cloned animal, a sheep named Dolly,
in 1996.
North carolina association for biomedical research
12
Reproductive cloning begins with somatic cell
nuclear transfer (SCNT). In SCNT, scientists
remove the nucleus from an egg cell
(oocyte) and replace it with a nucleus from a
donor adult somatic cell, which is any cell in
the body except for an oocyte or sperm. For
reproductive cloning, the embryo is
implanted into a uterus of a surrogate
female, where it can develop into a live
being.
North carolina association for biomedical research
13
3. Other Technologies
In addition to the use of transgenics and cloning,
scientists can use gene knock out technology to
inactivate, or “knock out,” a specific gene.
It is this technology that creates a possible source of
replacement organs for humans. The process of
transplanting cells, tissues or organs from one
species to another is referred to as
xenotransplantation.
Currently, the pig is the major animal being
considered as a viable organ donor to humans.
North carolina association for biomedical research
14
Unfortunately, pig cells and human cells are
not immunologically compatible. Pigs, like
almost all mammals, have markers on their
cells that enable the human immune system
to recognize them as foreign and reject
them.
Genetic engineering is used to knock out
the pig gene responsible for the protein that
forms the marker to the pig cells.

North carolina association for biomedical research

15
Its Applications
Animal biotechnology has many potential
uses.
Since the early 1980s, transgenic animals
have been created with increased growth
rates, enhanced lean muscle mass,
enhanced resistance to disease or improved
use of dietary phosphorous to lessen the
environmental impacts of animal manure.

North carolina association for biomedical research

16
Transgenic poultry, swine, goats and cattle that
generate large quantities of human proteins in
eggs, milk, blood or urine also have been
produced, with the goal of using these products as
human pharmaceuticals. Human pharmaceutical
proteins include enzymes, clotting factors,
albumin and antibodies.
The major factor limiting the widespread use of
transgenic animals in agricultural production
systems is their relatively inefficient production
rate (a success rate of less than 10 percent).

North carolina association for biomedical research

17
A specific example of these particular applications of
animal biotechnology is the transfer of the growth
hormone gene of rainbow trout directly into carp eggs.
The resulting transgenic carp produce both carp and
rainbow trout growth hormones and grow to be one-
third larger than normal carp.
Another example is the use of transgenic animals to
clone large quantities of the gene responsible for a
cattle growth hormone. The hormone is extracted
from the bacterium, is purified and is injected into
dairy cows, increasing their milk production by 10 to 15
percent. That growth hormone is called bovine
somatotropin or BST.

North carolina association for biomedical research 18