Kurdistan Regional Government/ Iraq

Sulaimani Polytechnic University/ Computer Science Institute

Network Section/ The first stage-evening

TYPES OF ROM

 PREPARED BY \\ AWIN AWAT HASSAN

 TEACHER IT \\ REBWAR KHALED

TYPES OF ROM
 There are two main types of ROM (Read-Only Memory)
in computers: PROM (Programmable ROM) and EPROM
(Erasable Programmable ROM). PROM can be
programmed once, while EPROM allows for
reprogramming after erasure using ultraviolet light.
Additionally, there's EEPROM (Electrically Erasable
Programmable ROM), which can be electrically erased and
reprogrammed, often used in modern systems.
TYPES OF ROM
 There are several types of ROM (Read-Only Memory), each with its own characteristics. Here are some common types:

 1. **Mask ROM (MROM):**

 - Contents are permanently programmed during manufacturing.
 - Cost-effective for large production runs of identical chips.

 2. **Programmable ROM (PROM):**

 - Can be programmed once by the user after manufacturing.
 - Once programmed, the data is permanent and cannot be changed.

 3. **Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM):**

 - Allows for reprogramming after erasure using ultraviolet light.
 - Commonly used in early computer systems.
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 4. **Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM or E2PROM):**
 - Can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
 - Used in modern systems for firmware storage and non-volatile memory.

 5. **Flash Memory:**
 - A type of EEPROM that allows for multiple memory locations to be erased or written in one programming operation.
 - Commonly used in USB drives, memory cards, and as firmware storage.

 6. **One-Time Programmable (OTP) ROM:**

 - Similar to PROM, but once programmed, the data is permanent and cannot be modified.

 7. **Magnetic RAM (MRAM):**

 - Though not strictly a ROM, MRAM is a non-volatile memory technology using magnetic storage elements.

 These types of ROM serve different purposes based on factors such as cost, flexibility, and permanence of data storage. The
choice of ROM type depends on the specific requirements of the application.
 WHAT IS ROM?
 ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. It is a type of non-volatile memory that is used
primarily in the startup process of a computer or other electronic devices. Unlike RAM
(Random Access Memory), which loses its content when the power is turned off, ROM
retains its data even when the power is off.

 The term "read-only" implies that the data stored in ROM is typically set during the
manufacturing process and cannot be easily modified or overwritten by normal
computer processes. ROM is crucial for storing essential instructions and firmware
needed for a device to boot up and perform basic functions.

 There are various types of ROM, including PROM (Programmable ROM), EPROM
(Erasable Programmable ROM), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable
ROM), and more, each with its own characteristics and use cases.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ROM
 A block diagram of a ROM (Read-Only Memory) typically consists of the following components:

 1. **Address Decoder:**

 - Takes the address inputs from the CPU or controller.

 - Decodes the address to select a specific location in the ROM.

 2. **Address Input:**

 - Represents the input for the address lines where the ROM data is stored.

 3. **Data Output:**

 - Represents the output lines providing the data read from the selected ROM address.

 4. **Control Logic:**

 - Manages various control signals such as read enable, write enable, and other control inputs.
 5. **Memory Array:**

 - The memory cells where the actual data is stored. This is a grid or array of memory locations.

 6. **Output Buffer:**

 - Amplifies and conditions the output data before it is sent to the external circuit.

 7. **Power and Ground:**

 - Represents the power supply and ground connections necessary for the proper functioning of the ROM.

 8. **Read Enable (RE) and Write Enable (WE) Inputs:**

 - Control signals that determine whether the ROM is in read or write mode.

 Remember, the specific design and components of a ROM block diagram may vary based on the type of
ROM (e.g., PROM, EPROM, EEPROM) and its specific features.
THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROM
 The internal structure of a ROM (Read-Only Memory) varies depending on the type of ROM, but a generalized
overview includes:

 1. **Memory Cells:**
 - Fundamental units that store binary data (0s and 1s). The arrangement of these cells forms the memory array.

 2. **Word and Bit Lines:**

 - Word lines select rows of memory cells, and bit lines select columns. The intersection of a word line and a bit
line identifies a specific memory cell.

 3. **Address Decoder:**
 - Decodes the address input received from the CPU to enable the selection of the desired memory cell.

 4. **Sense Amplifiers:**
 - Amplify the weak signals retrieved from the memory cells to ensure accurate reading of data.
 5. **Read Circuitry:**
 - Facilitates the retrieval of data from the selected memory cell and outputs it to the data bus.

 6. **Control Logic:**
 - Manages control signals such as read enable, write enable, and other internal operations.

 7. **Output Buffer:**
 - Amplifies and conditions the data output before sending it to external circuits
 8. **Power Supply and Grounding:**
 - Provides the necessary electrical power and grounding for the proper functioning of the ROM.

 9. **Programming Mechanism (for Programmable ROMs):**

 - In the case of programmable ROMs, there's a mechanism for programming the memory cells during the
manufacturing process or in the field.

 10. **Erasable Mechanism (for Erasable Programmable ROMs):**

 - In the case of erasable programmable ROMs like EPROM, there's a mechanism for erasing the memory cells
using ultraviolet light.

 The specific structure may differ based on the ROM technology, such as Mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, or
EEPROM. Each type has unique characteristics and mechanisms for storing and retrieving data.
ADVROMANTAGES OF ROM
 Advantages of ROM (Read-Only Memory) include:

 1. **Non-Volatile Memory:**
 - Retains data even when the power is turned off, ensuring that essential instructions and firmware are preserved.

 2. **Stability:**
 - Provides stable and reliable storage for critical system instructions, preventing accidental modification.

 3. **Fast Access Time:**

 - Typically offers fast read access times, enabling quick retrieval of data during the system boot-up process.

 4. **Permanent Data Storage:**

 - Data stored in ROM is permanent and does not change during normal operation, ensuring consistency.

 5. **Security:**
 - Since data in ROM is read-only and cannot be easily modified, it enhances the security of critical system information.

 6. **Cost-Effective for Mass Production:**

 7. **Low Power Consumption:**
 - ROM consumes low power compared to volatile memory types like RAM, making it energy-efficient.

 8. **Compact Design:**
 - ROM chips are often compact and space-efficient, contributing to the overall design efficiency of electronic devices.

 9. **Used for Firmware:**

 - Ideal for storing firmware and essential software instructions required for the proper functioning of electronic
devices.

 10. **Read-Only Nature:**

 - The read-only nature of ROM prevents accidental overwriting or corruption of critical data, ensuring the integrity of
stored information.

 These advantages make ROM a valuable component in various electronic systems, especially for storing crucial
instructions and firmware that are essential for the operation of devices.
CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, Read-Only Memory (ROM) plays a crucial role in electronic systems, offering
several advantages that contribute to the stability, reliability, and security of computing devices.
Its non-volatile nature ensures the persistence of essential instructions and firmware, even when
power is turned off. The read-only characteristic, coupled with fast access times, makes ROM
suitable for storing critical data that should remain unchanged during normal operation.
Additionally, the diverse types of ROM, such as Mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and
Flash Memory, provide flexibility to meet specific application requirements. ROM's cost-
effectiveness for mass production, low power consumption, and compact design further
enhance its appeal in various electronic devices, making it an integral component for the
successful functioning of computer systems and embedded technologies.