Chapter-1 Introduction To MCC

Agnel Charities
Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi, Navi-Mumbai

Department of Computer Engineering
Mobile Computing
Thursday, May 9, 2024 1

Roadmap
1.1
 Course Objective
 Course Outcome
 Syllabus
 Text Books
 Introduction to Mobile Computing
2.1  Advances in Technology and Device Characteristics
2.2
2.3

Course Objective
To introduce the basic concepts and principles in mobile computing. This
includes major techniques involved, and networks & systems issues for the design
and implementation of mobile computing systems and applications.
To explore both theoretical and practical issues of mobile computing.
To provide an opportunity for students to understand the key components and
technologies involved and to gain hands-on experiences in building mobile
applications.
Course Outcome
1. Demonstrate the concepts and principles of Mobile Communication.

2. Describe the components and functioning of Mobile Networking.
3. Classify variety of security techniques in Mobile Network.

4. Apply the concepts of WLAN for local as well as remote applications.
5. Illustrate the concepts of Mobility Management .
6. Demonstrate the concept of Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture
and its interfaces.

Syllabus
Sr. No. Detailed Contents Hrs.
1. Introduction to Mobile Computing: Telecommunication Generations, Cellular systems.
Electromagnetic Spectrum, Antenna, Signal Propagation, Signal Characteristics, 06
Multiplexing, Spread Spectrum: DSSS & FHSS .
2. GSM: Mobile services, System Architecture, Radio interface, Protocols , Localization and
Calling, Handover, security (A3,A5 & A8) GPRS system and protocol architecture UTRAN , 10
UMTS core network ; Improvements on Core Network
3. Mobile Networking: Medium Access Protocol, Internet Protocol and Transport layer
Medium Access Control: Motivation for specialized MAC, Introduction to multiple Access
12
techniques (MACA) Mobile IP: IP Packet Delivery, Agent Advertisement and Discovery,
Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Reverse Tunneling, Routing (DSDV,DSR) Mobile
TCP : Traditional TCP, Classical TCP Improvements like Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP &
Mobile TCP, Fast Retransmit/ Fast Recovery, Transmission/Timeout Freezing, Selective
Retransmission

Syllabus
Sr. No. Detailed Contents Hrs.
4. Wireless Local Area Networks : Introduction, Infrastructure and ad-hoc network IEEE
802.11:System architecture , Protocol architecture , Physical layer, Medium access control
layer, MAC management, 802.11a, 802.11b Wi-Fi security: WEP, WPA, Wireless LAN 08
Threats, Securing Wireless Networks HiperLAN 1 & HiperLAN 2 Bluetooth: Introduction,
User Scenario, Architecture, protocol stack .
5. Mobility Management: Introduction, IP Mobility, Optimization, IPv6 Macro Mobility :

06
MIPv6, FMIPv6, Micro Mobility: Cellular IP, HAWAII, HMIPv6
6. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) of 3GPP : LTE System Overview, Evolution from UMTS to
LTE LTE/SAE Requirements, SAE Architecture EPS: Evolved Packet System, E-UTRAN, 10
Voice over LTE (VoLTE), Introduction to LTE-Advanced , System Aspects, LTE Higher
Protocol Layers, LTE MAC layer, LTE PHY Layer, Self-Organizing Network (SON-
LTE),SON for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet), Introduction to 5G

Text Books
Text Book:
1. Jochen Schiller, Mobile Communication , Addison wisely, Pearson Education
2. William Stallings, Wireless Communications & Networks Second Edition, Pearson Education
3. Raj Kamal, Mobile Computing, 2/e , Oxford University Press-New Delhi
Reference Books:
1. LTE Self-Organizing Networks (SON): Network Management Automation for Operational Efficiency, Seppo
Hamalainen, Henning Sanneck , Cinzia Sartori, Wiley publications
2. Christopher Cox, ―An Introduction to LTE: LTE, LTE-Advanced, SAE and 4G Mobile Communications,‖ Wiley
publications
3. Mobility Protocols and Handover Optimization: Design, Evaluation and Application By Ashutosh Dutta, Henning
Schulzrinne, IEEE Press, Wiley Publication
4. Michael Gregg, ―Build your own security lab,‖ Wiley India edition
5. Emerging Wireless Technologies and the Future Mobile Internet, Dipankar Raychaudhuri, Mario Gerla, Cambridge.
6. Andreas F.Molisch, ―Wireless Communications,‖ Second Edition, Wiley Publications.

Chapter 1
Introduction to Mobile Computing

Introduction
Mobile Computing : Is the term to describe technology that enable people to
access network services anyplace, anytime & anywhere.
Goal of Mobile Computing: People & their m/c’s should be able to access
information & communicate with each other easily & securely. The media can be voice ,
data , image , video or multimedia – any time , any where , cost effective way.

Computers for the next decades?(Cont.…..)
Advances in Technology
 More computing power in smaller devices

 Flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
 New user interfaces due to small dimensions
 More bandwidth
 Multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless
telecommunication networks etc.

MobileCommunication

Two aspects of mobility:
• User mobility: Users communicate (wireless) “anytime, anywhere, with

anyone”
• Device portability: Devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the

network

The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of
wireless networks into existing fixed networks
Device Characteristics
 Fixed and Wired:
Typical desktop computer systems at offices or homes.
Mobile and Wired:
The user needs 2 connect laptop to network to access internet.
Fixed and wireless:
Devices used to install networks on historical monuments to avoid damage using wires.
Mobile and wireless:
Same device can be used across different wireless networks e.g. mobile.
 Wireless vs. mobile Examples
  Stationary computer
  Notebook in a hotel
  Wireless LANs in historic buildings
  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• DAB : Digital audio Broadcasting
• GSM :Global system for mobile communication
• GPS : Global positioning system
• UMTS : Universal Mobile telecommunication system
• WLAN : Wireless LAN
• DVB : Digital Video Broadcasting
• CDMA : Code division multiple access
• TETRA : Trunked Radio
• DSL : Digital Subscriber Loop
• EDGE : Enhanced data rates for (Global/ GSM) Evolution.
• DECT : Digital enhanced cordless telecommunication
Roadmap
1.1
 Applications of MCC
 Mobile Devices
 Telecommunication Generations
2.1
2.2
2.3

Applications
Vehicles:
• Transmission of news, Road condition, Weather, Music via DAB
• Personal communication using GSM
• Position via GPS
• Local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,

guidance system, redundancy
• Vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance
Road Traffic
UMTS, WLAN, c
DAB, DVB, GSM, ho
cdma2000, TETRA, ... ad
Personal Travel Assistant,

PDA, Laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...
Applications
Emergencies:
• Early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis
• Replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, fire etc.

Applications
Travelling Salesmen
• Direct access to customer files stored in a central location
• Consistent databases for all agents
• Mobile office
Replacement of Fixed Networks

• Remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
• Flexibility for trade shows
• LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, Education, ...

• Outdoor Internet access
• Intelligent travel guide with up-to-date History
Info
location dependent information

• Ad-hoc networks for multiuser games
Location Dependent Services
Location aware services
• What services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment
Follow-on services
• Automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current
location
Information services
• Push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
• Pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?
Support services
• Caches, intermediate results, state information etc. „follow“ the mobile device
through the fixed network
Privacy
• Who should gain knowledge about the location

Mobile and Wireless Devices
1. Pager 2. PDA 3. Palmtop
• Receive only • Graphical displays • Tiny keyboard
• Tiny displays • Character • Simple versions
• Simple text recognition of standard applications
messages • Simplified WWW
4. Mobile phones 5. Sensors 6. Laptop/Notebook

• Voice, data Embedded • Fully functional
• Simple graphical controllers • Standard applications
displays
performance

Mobile and Wireless Devices
Sensor and Embedded controllers: Wireless device transmitting state
information. E.g. metal detector or proximity sensor.
Pager: Device that can only receive short text messages.it cannot send any
messages.
Personal Desktop Assistant: Basically a handheld computer. It is a device
that combines computing and networking features.
Mobile Phone: Device used to connect to a mobile network to access its
services like voice ,data etc.
Laptop: Small mobile computer

Early History of Wireless Communication
Many people in history used light for communication
• Heliographs, flags („semaphore“), ...

• 150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
• 1794 -Optical telegraph machine was invented,
• 1831 - Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
• 1837 - Morse demonstrates electric telegraph and new code.
• 1847- Telegraph used as business tool for first time.
• 1851 - Cable laid across the English channel
• 1876 - Telephone invented by Alexander Graham bell
• 1888 - First coin operated public telephone
• 1896-Guglielmo Marconi first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!)

History of wireless communication I
• 1901- Marconi sends radio signal across Atlantic
• 1904- Answering machine is invented..
• 1915- Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
• 1926- Train-phone on the line Hamburg – Berlin
• 1928 -Many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news)
• 1933 -Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
• 1947-The transistor is invented,.
• 1954- Transistor radio is invented
• 1966- Fiber-optic cable invented
• 1968- ISDN is developed
• 1971- Intel builds first microprocessor
• 1974- TCP introduced-internet is born
• 1979- First cellular phone introduced

History of wireless communication I
1981- IBM PC is first produced
1985- Cellular system launched in U.K
1991- First commercial GSM system launched
1992 -WWW is launched.
1996 - ANSI approved new ADSL Standards.
2000 - World cellular subscribers exceed 700 million

Roadmap
1.1
 Telecommunication Generations
 Cellular systems
 Frequency Reuse
2.1
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
2.2
2.3

Telecommunication Generations
Cellular Network/telephony in terms of generations:
0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
1G: Analog cellular telephony: Basic Voice-oriented systems based on analog

technology. The speed provided for 1G was 2.4 kbps
Example: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) and cordless systems
2G: Digital cellular telephony: Voice-oriented systems based on digital

technology; more efficient and used less spectrum than 1G. The speed provided for
2G was 64 kbps
Example: GSM and TDMA

3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony : Designed for High-speed voice-oriented
systems integrated with data services (Multimedia , text and internet ). It was first mobile
broadband.
Example: GPRS, CDMA
 4G (LTE) : IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at

faster data rates.
5G : It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables
a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything
together including machines, objects, and devices.


Roadmap
1.1
 Cellular systems
• Frequency Reuse
2.1
2.2
2.3

Cell Structure
The coverage area of cellular networks are divided into cells based on the
principle of frequency reuse.
 Cell : Basic geographical unit of a cellular network.

 Is represented graphically as a hexagonal shape, but in reality, it is
irregular in shape .
 Each cell having its own antenna for transmitting the signals and
each cell has its own frequencies.

 Cluster: Is a group of adjacent cells. Usually 7 cells, no frequency reuse
is done within a cluster.

Cell Structure
 Hexagonal cell shape is perfect over square or
triangular cell shapes in cellular architecture because it
cover an entire area without overlapping.
 Frequency reuse and cell splitting are two main

concepts in cellular networks.
 Cell splitting is the process of dividing a larger congested

cell into smaller cells.
 Each cell has its own base station with transmitter

power and antenna height.
Cell Structure
It implements using space division multiplex.
Mobile stations communicate only via the base station.
Advantages of cell structures:
• Higher capacity, higher number of users
• Less transmission power needed
• More robust, decentralized
• Base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally.
Problems:
• Fixed network needed for the base stations.
Handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary interference with
other cells.

Cellular Network
Cell 1
Mobile Public
Telephone Switched
Switching Telephone
Center Network
(MTSC) (PSTN)
Cell 2 HLR VLR
Mobile User Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Cordless connection HLR = Home Location Register

Wired connection VLR = Visitor Location Register

Frequency Reuse
 Cells with the same number  Frequency Reuse using 7 frequencies
have the same set of frequencies allocations
f2
f7 f3 f2
f1 f7 f3
f6 f4 f1
f2 f5 f6 f4
f7 f3 f2 f5
f1 f7 f3 f2
f6 f4 f1 f7 f3
f5 f6 f4 f1
f5 f6 f4
f5

Frequency planning I
Frequency reuse only with a certain distance between the base
stations.
Standard model using 7 frequencies:
f3
 Fixed frequency assignment: f5 f2
• Certain frequencies are assigned to a certain cell f4 f6 f5
f1 f4
• Problem: Different traffic load in different cells f3 f7 f1
f2
 Dynamic frequency assignment:
• Base station chooses frequencies depending on the
frequencies already used in neighbor cells
• More capacity in cells with more traffic
• Assignment can also be based on interference
measurements
Frequency planning
 3 cell cluster
 3 cell cluster  7 cell cluster
with 3 sector antennas
f3 f3 f3
f2 f3 f7
f2 f2
f5 f2
f1 f1 f1 f2 f2 f2
f4 f6 f5 f1 f1 f1 f
f1 f4 f3 h2 f3 h2
f3 f3 h1 h1
3
f3 f7 f1 g2 h3 g2 h3 g2
f2 f2 f2 g1 g1 g1
f2 f3 g3 g3 g3
f1 f1 f6 f5 f2
f3 f3 f3

Roadmap
1.1
 Antennas and its types
2.1
2.2
2.3

Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete spectrum of all forms of “light”
An electromagnetic wave consists of electric and magnetic fields which vibrate - thus making waves.
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Consists of:
 Radio Waves
 Cell Phone Waves
 Microwaves
 Radar Waves
 Infrared Waves
 Visible Light Waves
 Ultraviolet Waves
 X-ray Waves
 Gamma Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Properties of electromagnetic waves include speed, frequency and
wavelength
 Speed (s), frequency (f) and wavelength (l) are related in the formula:
s=f x l
 All light waves travel at a speed of 3 x 108 m/s in a vacuum
 All parts of the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same speed
 Therefore, wavelength and frequency have an indirect relationship.

Spread Spectrum Technology
Problem of radio transmission: Frequency dependent fading can wipe out narrow
band signals for duration of the interference
Solution: Spread the narrow band signal into a broad band signal using a special code
Protection against narrow band interference
power interference spread power signal

signal
spread
detection at interference
receiver
f f
Side effects:
Coexistence of several signals without dynamic coordination
Tap-proof (with secret code and CDM)
Alternatives: Direct Sequence, Frequency Hopping
Antennas
1.1
 Wireless communication mode involves getting rid of wires &
transmitting signals through space without guidance.
 We do not need medium for transport of Electromagnetic waves.
 To couple the energy from the transmitter to the outside world & in
reverse from the outside world to the receiver . This is what the
antennas do.
2.1
 Antenna couple electromagnetic energy to and from space to and
2.2 from a wire or coaxial cable .
2.3
 A theoretical reference antenna is the isotropic radiator, a point in
space radiating equal power in all directions

Types of Antennas
Antenna is a device which can receive or radiate electromagnetic wave
from one position to another.
There are different types of Antenna :
1. Isotropic radiator
2. Simple dipole
3. Directed antenna
4. Sectorized antenna
5. Diversity antenna

Isotropic radiator
1.1
 Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves, coupling of
electromagnetic energy from space to an appropriate conductor
for radio transmission
2.1
2.2
 Isotropic radiator: Equal radiation in all directions (three
2.3 dimensional) - only a theoretical reference antenna. Thus,
radiation pattern is a sphere
 Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around an antenna
z
y z
y x
x
Fig. Radiation pattern of an isotropic radiator

Simple Dipole Antenna
1.1
It
is made of thin center-fed dipole.
2.1
2.2
 Dipoles with lengths /4 (Marconi antenna) on car roofs or /2 as
2.3
Hertzian dipole
/4 /2
Example: Radiation pattern of a simple Hertzian dipole

 A /2 dipole has a uniform or Omni directional radiation pattern in
one plane
y y z
Simple
x z x dipole
side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)

Directed and Sectorized Antennas
1.1
y y z
x z x Directed
antenna
side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)
z
z
x Sectorized
x
antenna
2.1
2.2 top view, 3 sector top view, 6 sector

2.3

Radiation Patten in Directional Antenna

Diversity Antenna
1.1  Grouping of 2 or more antennas
 Multi-element antenna arrays
 Improves reception by counteracting the negative effects of multipath
propagation
2.1  Antenna diversity
2.2
2.3  Switched diversity or selection diversity
 Receiver chooses antenna with largest output
 Diversity combining
 Used to reduce signal fading
/2 /2
/4 /2 /4 /2
+ +
ground plane

Roadmap
1.1
 Multiplexing
 Types of Multiplexing
 Advantages and Disadvantages
2.1
2.2
2.3

Multiplexing
 Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one signal, over a
shared medium.
 If Analog signals are multiplexed, it is Analog Multiplexing and if Digital signals
are multiplexed, that process is Digital Multiplexing.
 It can be classified into four types.
Types of
Multiplexing
Time and
Frequency Space
Time Division Frequency Code Division
Division Division
Division

Multiplexing
 Multiplexing in 4 dimensions
 Frequency (f)
 Time (t)
 Space (si)
 Code (c)
 Goal: Multiple Channels should be used in a shared medium
 Important: Guard spaces needed.
 Guard Space :The space between the interference ranges is sometimes called
Guard space.
• It is needed to avoid frequency band overlapping.

Frequency Division Multiplexing
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency channels ki
bands
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the c
whole time f
Advantages:
• No dynamic coordination necessary
• It is applicable on both analog as well as digital signals.

Disadvantages:
t
• Less Flexibility.
• Bandwidth wastage is high and can be an issue
Example : It used for radio station in a particular region

as every radio station will have their own frequency and
can work simultaneously without having any constraint
of time. Thursday, May 9, 2024 54
Time Division Multiplexing
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a channels ki
certain amount of time.

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
Advantages:
• Only one carrier in the medium at any c
time. f
• Throughput high even for many users.

Disadvantages:
• Precise synchronization necessary. t
• Difficult to implement.
Example : ISDN telephonic service.

Time and Frequency Multiplexing
Combination of both methods. channels ki

A channel gets a certain frequency band for a
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
certain amount of time.
Advantages: c
f
• Better protection against tapping.
• Protection against frequency selective
interference.
• Higher data rates compared to code multiplex.
t
Disadvantage :
• Precise coordination required
Example: GSM

Space Division Multiplexing
channels ki
It is the combination of Frequency and Time Division
Multiplexing. k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
In SDM, the goal is to pass messages or data parallelly with the use c
of specific frequency at certain interval of time. t c
It means, a particular channel for some amount of time will be t
used against a certain frequency band. s1
f
Advantages of SDM s2
f
• High Data transmission rate. c
• Optimal use of Time and Frequency bands. t
Disadvantages of SDM
s3
• Inference problems. f
• High inference losses.

Example : GSM(Global Service For Mobile) Technology.
Code Division Multiplexing
channels ki
Each channel has a unique code.
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
All channels use the same spectrum at the same time.
Advantages: c
• Highly Efficient.
• No coordination and synchronization necessary.
• Good protection against interference and tapping.
Disadvantages: f
• Lower user data rates.

• More complex signal regeneration.
Example : Cell Phone Spectrum Technology(2G, 3G etc.). t

Roadmap
1.1
 Signals
 Different Representations of Signals
 Signal Propagation Ranges
 Characteristics of Signal
2.1
2.2
2.3

Signals
 Signal: Physical representation of data
 Classification
 Analog signal = Continuous time and Continuous values
 Digital signal = Discrete time and Discrete values
 Signal parameters of periodic signals:
time T, frequency f=1/T, amplitude A, phase shift 
 Sine wave as special periodic signal for a carrier:
s(t) = At sin(2  ft t + t)

Signals
 Different Representations of Signals :
 Time (time domain)- It also represents phase shifts between signals.
 Frequency spectrum (frequency domain)
 Phase state diagram (amplitude M and phase  in polar coordinates)
A [V] A [V] Q = M sin 
t[s] 
I= M cos 
 f [Hz]
 Signals transferred from time domain into frequency domain using Fourier
transformation.

Signal Propagation Ranges
• Transmission range
– Communication possible
– Low error rate
• Detection range
– Detection of the signal
possible sender
– Communication
transmission
not possible
distance
• Interference range detection
– Signals may not be
interference
detected
– Signals add to the Note: These are not perfect spheres
background noise in real life!

Signal Propagation
 Propagation in free space is always like light (straight line).
 Receiving power proportional to 1/d² in vacuum – much more in real
environments (d = distance between sender and receiver)
 Receiving power additionally influenced by
• Fading (frequency dependent)
• Shadowing (blocking)
• Reflection at large obstacles
• Refraction depending on the density of a medium
• Scattering at small obstacles
• Diffraction at edges
shadowing reflection refraction scattering diffraction

Effects of Spreading and Interference
 Frequency-dependent fading bad for narrowband signals
• Narrowband interference can wipe out signals
 “Spread” the narrowband signal into a broadband signal
• Receiver “de-spreads” signal (“spreads” narrowband interference)
dP/df dP/df
user signal
i) ii) broadband interference
narrowband interference
f f
sender
dP/df dP/df dP/df
iii) iv) v)
f f f
receiver
Spread Spectrum: Multiple Channels
channel
 Resistance to narrowband quality
interference
2
Narrow band
1 5 6
 Coexistence of multiple 3 channels
4
signals without coordination. frequenc
narrow guard y
band space
•No need for frequency planning signal
Resistance to frequency-selective channel
quality
fading
2
• Tap-proof (with secret code and
2
2 Spread spectrum
CDM) 2 channels
2
• Characteristics like background 1
noise
spread frequency
spectrum

Roadmap
1.1
 DSSS and FHSS

 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Difference between DSSS and FHSS
2.1
2.2
2.3

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) I
XOR of the signal with pseudo-random number (chipping sequence). Many chips per
bit (e.g., 128) result in higher bandwidth of the signal
Advantages tb
• Reduces frequency selective
user data
fading
0 1 XOR
• In cellular networks
tc
• Base stations can use the chipping
same frequency range sequence
01101010110101 =
• Several base stations can
detect and recover the signal resulting
signal
Disadvantages 01101011001010
• Precise power control necessary tb: bit period

tc: chip period

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) II
spread
spectrum transmit
user data signal signal
X modulator
Transmitter
chipping radio
sequence carrier
correlator
lowpass sampled
received filtered products sums
Receiver signal signal data
demodulator X integrator decision
radio chipping
carrier sequence

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) I
 Is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly changing the carrier frequency among many
distinct frequencies occupying a large spectral band.
 This is frequency hopping technique, where the users are made to change the frequencies of usage,
from one to another in a specified time interval, hence called as Frequency hopping.
Example: A frequency was allotted to sender 1 for a particular period of time. Now, after a while,
sender 1 hops to the other frequency and sender 2 uses the first
frequency, which was previously used by sender 1. This is called
as Frequency reuse.
 The frequencies of the data are hopped from one to another in order to provide a secure transmission.
 The amount of time spent on each frequency hop is called as Dwell time.
 FHSS is used to avoid interference, to prevent eavesdropping, and to enable code-division multiple
access (CDMA) communications.
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) I
Discrete changes of carrier frequency
• Sequence of frequency changes determined via pseudo random number sequence
Two versions
1. Fast Hopping: Several frequencies per user bit
2. Slow Hopping: Several user bits per frequency
Advantages
• Frequency selective fading and interference limited to short period
• Simple implementation
• Uses only small portion of spectrum at any time
Disadvantages
• Not as robust as DSSS
• Simpler to detect
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) II
 The amount of time spent on each frequency hop is called as Dwell time
tb
user data
0 1 0 1 1 t
f
td
f3 slow
f2 hopping
(3 bits/hop)
f1
td t
f
f3 fast
f2 hopping
(3 hops/bit)
f1
t
tb: bit period td: dwell time

DSSS vs FHSS
Sr.No. DSSS FHSS
1. Single frequency is used Multiple frequencies are used
2. User frequency, once allotted is always the Hard to find the user’s frequency at any instant
same of time
3. Frequency reuse is not allowed Frequency reuse is allowed
4 Sender has to wait if the spectrum is busy Sender need not wait
5 Power strength of the signal is low Power strength of the signal is high
6. It is weaker compared to FHSS Stronger and penetrates through the obstacles
7. It can be affected by interference It is never affected by interference
8. It is expensive It is cheaper
9. This technique is not frequently used This is the commonly used technique

Cell breathing
CDM systems: cell size depends on current load
Additional traffic appears as noise to other users
If the noise level is too high users drop out of cells

Chapter-1 Introduction To MCC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter-1 Introduction To MCC

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter-1 Introduction To MCC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Agnel Charities

Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi, Navi-Mumbai

Thursday, May 9, 2024 1

Thursday, May 9, 2024 2

To explore both theoretical and practical issues of mobile computing.

1. Demonstrate the concepts and principles of Mobile Communication.

3. Classify variety of security techniques in Mobile Network.

Thursday, May 9, 2024 4

Thursday, May 9, 2024 5

5. Mobility Management: Introduction, IP Mobility, Optimization, IPv6 Macro Mobility :

Thursday, May 9, 2024 6

Thursday, May 9, 2024 7

Introduction to Mobile Computing

Thursday, May 9, 2024 8

Thursday, May 9, 2024 9

 More computing power in smaller devices

Thursday, May 9, 2024 10

• User mobility: Users communicate (wireless) “anytime, anywhere, with

• Device portability: Devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the

Thursday, May 9, 2024 14

• Personal communication using GSM

• Position via GPS

• Local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,

Personal Travel Assistant,

Thursday, May 9, 2024 17

Replacement of Fixed Networks

Entertainment, Education, ...

location dependent information

Thursday, May 9, 2024 19

4. Mobile phones 5. Sensors 6. Laptop/Notebook

Thursday, May 9, 2024 20

Thursday, May 9, 2024 21

• Heliographs, flags („semaphore“), ...

Thursday, May 9, 2024 22

Thursday, May 9, 2024 23

Thursday, May 9, 2024 24

Thursday, May 9, 2024 25

1G: Analog cellular telephony: Basic Voice-oriented systems based on analog

Example: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) and cordless systems

2G: Digital cellular telephony: Voice-oriented systems based on digital

Example: GSM and TDMA

Thursday, May 9, 2024 26

 4G (LTE) : IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at

together including machines, objects, and devices.

Thursday, May 9, 2024 28

Thursday, May 9, 2024 29

 Cell : Basic geographical unit of a cellular network.

each cell has its own frequencies.

is done within a cluster.

Thursday, May 9, 2024 30

 Frequency reuse and cell splitting are two main

 Cell splitting is the process of dividing a larger congested

 Each cell has its own base station with transmitter

Thursday, May 9, 2024 32

Cell 2 HLR VLR

Mobile User Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Cordless connection HLR = Home Location Register

Thursday, May 9, 2024 33

Thursday, May 9, 2024 34