History of Industrial Revolution

Juliano, Christian
BSEd Social Studies 2B
Where and when did
the Industrial
Revolution take place?

• Historians conventionally divide the Industrial

Revolution into two approximately consecutive
parts. What is called the first Industrial
Revolution lasted from the mid-18th century to
about 1830 and was mostly confined to Britain.
The second Industrial Revolution lasted from
the mid-19th century until the early 20th century
and took place in Britain, continental Europe,
North America, and Japan. Later in the 20th
century, the second Industrial Revolution spread
to other parts of the world.
How did the
Industrial Revolution
change economies?

• The Industrial Revolution

transformed economies that had
been based on agriculture and
handicrafts into economies
based on large-scale industry,
mechanized manufacturing, and
the factory system.
How did the Industrial
Revolution change
society?

• The Industrial Revolution increased the

overall amount of wealth and distributed it
more widely than had been the case in
earlier centuries, helping to enlarge the
middle class.
What were some
important inventions of
the Industrial
Revolution?
• Important inventions of the
Industrial Revolution included the
steam engine, used to power steam
locomotives, steamboats,
steamships, and machines in
factories; electric generators and
electric motors; the incandescent
lamp (light bulb); the telegraph
and telephone; and the internal-
combustion engine and
automobile, whose mass
production was perfected by
Henry Ford in the early 20th
century.
What were some
important inventions of
the Industrial Revolution?

• Important inventions of the Industrial

Revolution included the steam engine,
used to power steam locomotives,
steamboats, steamships, and machines
in factories; electric generators and
electric motors; the incandescent lamp
(light bulb); the telegraph and
telephone; and the internal-combustion
engine and automobile, whose mass
production was perfected by
Henry Ford in the early 20th century.
Steamed Engine
 What were
some
important
inventions of • Important inventions of the Industrial Revolution
included the steam engine, used to power steam
the Industrial locomotives, steamboats, steamships, and machines in
factories; electric generators and electric motors; the
Revolution? incandescent lamp (light bulb); the telegraph and
telephone; and the internal-combustion engine and
automobile, whose mass production was perfected by
Henry Ford in the early 20th century.
Factors leading to
Agricultural Revolution.

• The first was caused by humans changing

from being hunter-gatherers to farmers and
herders. The second was caused by
improvements to livestock breeding, farming
equipment, and crop rotation. The third was
caused by plant breeding and new techniques
in irrigation, fertilization, and pesticides.

• This leads to a greater production of food

and allows humans to pursue other types
of work.
Population Growth
• In the first half of the 18th century, from 1700 to 1750,
the population of England remained relatively stable
with minimal changes in size. However, between 1750
and 1850, it is estimated that the population in
England almost doubled, a dramatic increase that
coincided with the Industrial Revolution.

• The first contributing factor to the increased population was

the decline in death rates.

• High death rates, resulting from factors such as famines,

diseases, and warfare, were a common feature throughout
much of British history before the Industrial Revolution.
Population Growth

• However, improvements in
agricultural technology and practices led
to an increase in food production and
availability.

• This allowed people to consume more food

and a wider variety of foods, which
resulted in a general improvement in
health, thereby extending adult life
expectancy.
Financial Innovation
in England

• Banking: England is home to some of the oldest banks in

the world, such as Barclays, Lloyds, and Coutts. The Bank
of England, established in 1694, is one of the oldest central
banks globally. Over the years, English banks have been
instrumental in the development of modern banking
practices, including the establishment of clearinghouses,
ATMs, and online banking services.

• Insurance: The concept of insurance has ancient

roots, but England played a significant role in its
modern development. Lloyd's of London, founded in
the late 17th century, is the world's leading insurance
market, known for insuring complex risks ranging
from shipping to space exploration.
Financial
Innovation in
England

• Fintech: In recent years, England, particularly London,

has emerged as a global hub for financial technology
(fintech) innovation. The city hosts numerous fintech
startups and attracts investment from around the world.
Innovations in payments, lending, robo-advisors,
blockchain technology, and crowdfunding platforms have
contributed to the growth of the fintech sector in England.

• Green Finance: With increasing global focus on

sustainability and climate change, England has been
actively involved in promoting green finance initiatives.
This includes the issuance of green bonds, development of
sustainable investment products, and support for
renewable energy projects.
Enlightenment and
Scientific Revolution in
England

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that swept across

Europe, including England, during the 17th and 18th centuries. It
emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism toward traditional
authority, including religious and political institutions.

Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Revolution, which preceded the

Enlightenment, was a period marked by significant advancements in
scientific thought, experimentation, and discovery. It challenged the
prevailing beliefs of the time, particularly those rooted in religious dogma,
and laid the groundwork for modern science.
Enlightenment and
Scientific Revolution in
England
1. The discovery of hydrogen Henry Cavendish is
the scientist who first discovered hydrogen,
although he didn’t give the element its name –
instead he referred to it as “inflammable air”.

2. Saving lives with penicillin A doctor and

microbiologist, Alexander Fleming was studying
influenza in 1928 when he accidentally left some
staphylococci culture dishes out on a bench in his
laboratory before he went away on a family holiday
to Suffolk.
Enlightenment and
Scientific Revolution in
England
• 3. Identifying the structure of DNA An x-ray
diffraction image of DNA known as Photo 51, which
was created by Rosalind Franklin , was instrumental in
the discovery. Using the photograph, Francis Crick
and James Watson developed a model for the helical
structure of DNA – the molecule that contains the
hereditary information for cells.

• 4. The laws of motion Sir Isaac Newton is widely

recognised as one of the most influential scientists of
all time and his work formed the foundations of many
of the things we know and understand today.
Navigable Rivers
and Canals
• There are almost 3,000 miles of navigable canals
and rivers in Britain. Most of the canal network is
managed by Canal & River Trust, with the
Environment Agency responsible for some 650
miles of navigable rivers and Scottish Canals for
canals in that country. Other bodies have
responsibility for some small sections of
navigation.
Aire & Calder Navigation
Bridgewater Canal
Birmingham Canal Navigations
Birmingham Canal Navigations
Coals
• Coal literally powered its way through the British economy of
the 19th century – the so-called first industrial nation and
workshop of the world.

• It even fuelled engines that drained water from deeper, less

accessible coal mines to keep the supply coming. When steel
superseded iron later in the century, coal remained a critical
raw material.
Iron Ore
• In 2022, United Kingdom exported $717k in Iron Ore, making it
the 73rd largest exporter of Iron Ore in the world. At the same
year, Iron Ore was the 1137th most exported product in United
Kingdom. The main destination of Iron Ore exports from United
Kingdom are: Ireland ($185k), Czechia ($105k), Spain ($76.1k),
China ($73k), and Portugal ($66.3k).

• The fastest growing export markets for Iron Ore of United

Kingdom between 2021 and 2022 were Ireland ($149k), Czechia
($48.3k), and Israel ($13.6k).
Iron Ore
• The economic output of the steel industry sector totals £2.4
billion, 0.1% of the UK economy and 1.2% of manufacturing
output. The steel industry supported 39,000 jobs in Great
Britain in 2021.

• Employment The steel industry supported 39,000 jobs in

Great Britain in 2021. This is 0.1% of employees.
Research, Innovation and
Infrastructure Policy

The United Kingdom has significantly increased its own science budget.

The United Kingdom’s tradition of being an active player in research and

innovation dates back to the Industrial Revolution. The country’s clusters
of pre-eminent universities have for a long time played an important role
in linking cutting-edge academic research with industries such as
biotechnology, and information and communications technology (ICT).
Global Financial System
• Stabilizing Global Financial System

• The UK government took steps to stabilise the banking

system by nationalizing several major banks, including Royal
Bank of Scotland (RBS) and Lloyds Banking Group, in order
to ensure that they had sufficient capital to continue lending to
businesses and households
Tax Policy
• In September 2021, the government announced that from
April 2022 it would increase national insurance contributions
(NIC), which is a tax on labor, by 1.25 percentage points to
help pay for the NHS and social care. This measure, which is
expected to raise £12 billion a year, was politically
controversial, as it contradicted a direct manifesto pledge not
to raise NIC.