MOTIVATION

AND EMOTION
CHAPTER 7
 OBJECTIVES
● At the end of this lesson, the student must able to:

● Define motivation including needs, drives, and incentives

● Identify the theories of motivation
● Describe the biological and psychological contributions to hunger
● Explain the role of sex hormones and the sexual response cycle in
human sexuality
● Describe achievement motivation
● Identify the theoretical explanations of emotions
 MOTIVATION

concerns the whys of behavior.

Motivation referring to the driving and
pulling forces which result in persistent
behavior directed towards certain goals. The
state in which an organism experiences an
inducement or incentive to do something.
 MOTIVE

Motives are hypothetical states that activate

behavior toward goals and make take the
form of needs, drives, and/or incentives.
 NEEDS
A state of deprivation. Needs come in two types:
psychological (needs necessary for survival) and
psychological (needs for achievement, power, self-
esteem, etc.) physiological and psychological needs
may be acquired through experience. Needs give rise to
drives that arouse us to action
 DRIVES

A condition of arousal in an organism that is

associated with a need.
 INCENTIVES
Incentives are objects, persons, or situations viewed
as capable of satisfying a need or as desirable for
their own sake. Individual attain pleasure from
positive incentive and avoid what are known as
negative incentives.
e.g., wages, salaries, bonuses, vacations, etc.
 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instinct
An inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns
that are designed to reach certain goals.

Drive-reduction theory
The view that organisms learn to engage in behaviors that
have the effect of reducing drives.

Homeostasis
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
 Self-actualization
According to Maslow and other
humanistic psychologists, self-initiated
striving to become what one is capable of
being.
 Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s ordering of needs from most
basic (physiological needs such as
hunger and thirst) to most basic elaborate
and sophisticated (self-actualization).
 Physiological Needs
food, water, oxygen, maintenance of
body temperature, and so on.
 Safety Needs
• physical security, stability, dependency,
protection, and freedom from threatening forces
such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety,
danger, chaos, and natural disasters.
• The needs for law, order, and structure are also
safety needs.
 Love and Belongingness
● The desire for friendship; the wish for a mate
and children; the need to belong to a family, a
club, a neighborhood, or a nation.
● Love and belongingness also include some
aspects of sex and human contact as well as the
need to both give and receive love.
 Love and Belongingness
People who have had their love and People who have received only a
belongingness needs adequately satisfied little amount of love have
from early years do not panic when denied stronger needs for affection and
love. acceptance than do people who
A second group of people consists of those have received either a healthy
amount of love or no love at all.
who have never experienced love and
belongingness, and, therefore, they are
incapable of giving love.
A third category includes those people who
have received love and belongingness only in
small doses.
 Esteem Needs
● self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that
others hold them in high esteem.
● Two levels of esteem needs—reputation and self-esteem.
● Reputation is the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a
person has achieved in the eyes of others, whereas
● Self-esteem is a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence
● Self-esteem is based on real competence and not merely on others’
opinions.
 Self-Actualization Needs
include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s
potential, and a desire to become creative in the full
sense of the word.
 General Discussion of Needs
The hypothetical average person has his or her needs satisfied to
approximately these levels:

○ physiological, 85%;

○ safety, 70%;

○ love and belongingness, 50%;

○ esteem, 40%; and

○ self-actualization, 10%.
 Biological and psychological contributions to hunger.

Biological mechanisms that regulate hunger include stomach

pangs associated with stomach contractions, the functions of
the hypothalamus, blood sugar level, and receptors in the
liver. The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is the
“stop-eating” center of the brain; the lateral hypothalamus is
the “start-eating” center of the brain. Psychological factors
also influence hunger.
 Biological and psychological contributions to hunger.

Problems associated with unhealthy weight are on the

upswing. The origins of eating disorders aren’t entirely
clear. Exposure to cultural standards and role models that
emphasize excessive slenderness plays a major role. Eating
disorders are also more common when the family
environment is negative possibly a history if child abuse or
exposure to high parental expectations.
 Satiety
The state of being satisfied; fullness
 Ventromedial nucleus (VMN)
A central area on the underside of the
hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-
eating center.
 Hyperphagic
Characterized by excessive eating.
 Lateral hypothalamus
Characterized by under-eating.
 Activating effect
The arousal-producing effects of sex hormones
that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.
 Estrus
The periodic sexual excitement of many female
mammals, as governed by levels of sex
hormones.
EATING DISORDERS

― Irene M. Pepperberg
 ANOREXIA NERVOSA
A life-threatening eating disorder characterized
by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body
image. Anorexia nervosa perhaps the most
common eating disorder, occurring during
adolescence and young adulthood
 ANOREXIA NERVOSA
It is often influenced by obsessive-compulsive
tendencies and affects women that it does men.
People with this condition usually see
themselves as overweight even if they may be
the opposite and restrict their diets because of it
 ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Symptoms include:
Being underweight
Persistent need to get thinner
Restricted eating patterns
Not eating regularly out of fear of gaining
weight
 ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Symptoms include:
Distorted body image
Bodyweight and shape influence self-esteem
 BULIMIA NERVOSA
A life-threatening eating disorder characterized
by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body
image. Bulimia is another common eating
disorder that occurs during adolescence and
young adulthood.
 BULIMIA NERVOSA
It is characterized by eating large amounts in one
go (called binging) until you are so full you
cannot keep the food in.
This is followed by “purging” to let improperly
digested food out.
 BULIMIA NERVOSA
The purging may be done through:
Vomiting
Excessive exercise
Fasting or laxatives
 BULIMIA NERVOSA
Symptoms:
Regular binge-eating episode
Fear of gaining weight
Regular purging through inappropriate means
Body weight influencing self-esteem
 BINGE EATING DISORDER
Is a severe, life-threatening , and treatable eating
disorder characterized by recurrent.
Binge-eating disorder is quite common affects
many adolescents and young adults.
People dealing with it end up going on regular
binges, without worrying about calorie
restrictions.
 BINGE EATING DISORDER
Symptoms cause by binge-eating disorder are
similar to anorexia and bulimia
 BINGE EATING DISORDER
They include:
Bingeing while not being hungry
Feeling ashamed of bingeing and doing it
secretly
Having a lack of control while bingeing
No purging behavior or calorie restriction
 PICA
Pica is an eating disorder that deals with the
consumption of the things that are not considered
to be food.
 PICA
This includes:  Dirt
Soil Pebbles
Chalk Clothes
Paper Laundry detergent
Ice Hair
 PICA
It occurs in people of all ages, who are susceptible
to an increased risk of nutritional deficiencies,
poisoning, gut injuries, and infections.
 RUMINATION
This newly recognized eating disorder causes a
person to regurgitate already chewed and
swallowed food within 30 minutes of a meal.
They either rechew and re-swallow the food or
spit it out.
 RUMINATION
Adults with the condition usually limit when and
what they eat in public.
 RUMINATION
Symptoms
Bad breath or halitosis
Nausea
Diarrhea
Weight loss
 AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD
INTAKE DISORDER (ARFID)
AFRID is an updated name for “feeding disorder
of infancy and early childhood”. The condition
arises before the age 7 and can last into adulthood.
 AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD
INTAKE DISORDER (ARFID)
It causes disturbed eating with people avoiding
certain food items due to colors, taste, texture, or
temperatures.
 AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD
INTAKE DISORDER (ARFID)
Symptoms of AFRID:
Eating habits causing interference in social life
Food avoidance leads to decreased calorie intake
Nutrition deficiencies
Poor development for age and being underweight
 Sexual Response Cycle

Masters and Johnson’s model of sexual response,

which consist of four stages or phases: excitement,
plateau, orgasm and resolution.
 Sexual Response Cycle

Masters and Johnson’s model of sexual response,

which consist of four stages or phases: excitement,
plateau, orgasm and resolution.
 Vasocongestion

Engorgement of blood vessels with blood,

which swells the genitals and breasts during
sexual arousal.
 Myotonia

Muscle tension
 1. Excitement phase
The first phase of the sexual response cycle,
which is characterized by increase in the heart
rate, and erection in the male and vaginal
lubrication in the female.
 2. Plateau phase
The second phase of the sexual response cycle,
which is characterized by increases in
vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and
blood pressure in preparation for orgasm.
 Ejaculation

The process of propelling seminal fluid

(semen) from the penis.
 3. Orgasm
The height or climax of sexual excitement,
involving involuntary muscle contractions,
release of sexual tensions and usually, subjective
feelings of pleasure.
 4. Resolution phase
The fourth phase of the sexual response
cycle, during which the body gradually
returns to its prearoused state.
 Refractory period
The directional effect of sex hormones for
example, along typical male or female
patterns of matting.
 Organizing effect
In the sexual response cycle, a period of
time following orgasm during which an
individual is not responsive to sexual
stimulation.
 Sexual orientation
The directionally of one’s sexual and romantic
interests; that is, whether one is sexually attracted
to and desires to form a romantic relationship
with, members of the other gender or of one’s own
gender.
 Heterosexual
Referring to people who are sexually aroused
by, and interested in forming romantic
relationships with people of the other gender.
 Homosexual
Referring to people who are sexually aroused
by, and interested in forming romantic
relationships with people of the same gender.
 Other types of orientation
Lesbian- women who are sexually attracted to women.
Bisexual- people who are sexually attracted to men and
women.
Asexual- someone who is not experiencing or acting on
sexual attraction at a given time.
Pansexual- someone who is attracted to people across the
range of gender.
 Henry Murray developed the Thematic
Apperception Test (TAT) in an attempt to assess
motivation. The TAT contains cards with
pictures and drawings that are subject to
various interpretations. Subjects are to
construct stories about the picture.
 Performance goals are usually met through extrinsic
rewards. Examples of extrinsic rewards include praise and
income. Learning goals usually lead to intrinsic rewards.
Self-satisfaction is an example of an intrinsic reward.
Extrinsic, or tangible, rewards can serve as an incentive for
maintaining good grades. An intrinsic goal e.g., feeling
capable and intelligent tends to have more long-lasting
effects.
 EMOTIONS
● Emotions are feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and
behavioral components. A physiological reaction can involve the
sympathetic nervous system and result in rapid heartbeat, breathing,
sweating or muscle tension. Behavioral tendencies occur with
emotions. For example, fear leads to avoidance or escape, and anger
may lead to “pay back” behaviors. Parasympathetic nervous system
arousal can also occur. Joy, grief, jealously, disgust, and so on all have
cognitive, physiological, and behavior components
 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The division of peripheral nervous system that
regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat,
respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.
 Sympathetic Nervous System
The branch of the autonomic nervous system
that is most active
 Parasympathetic Nervous System
The branch of the automatic nervous system that is
most active during processes that restore reserves
of energy to the body, such as relaxing and eating.
 Positive Psychology
The field of psychology that is about personal
well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure,
and happiness; and optimism and hope for the
future.
 Facial-feedback hypothesis
The view that stereotypical facial expression can
contribute to stereotypical emotions.
 YOU DON’T HAVE TO BE
GREAT TO START BUT YOU
HAVE TO START TO BE
GREAT.
― ZIG ZIGLAR
THANK YOU!
