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    TCP MP

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    sonavanepranitee

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    TCP MP

    Uploaded by

    sonavanepranitee
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    TCP mp

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    3 views20 pages

    TCP MP

    Uploaded by

    sonavanepranitee

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    TCP Introduction

    o TCP :
    o Full Duplex communication
    o Process – to- Process communication
    o Connection - oriented service
    o Stream – oriented protocol ( Stream of Byte)
    o Segmentation (Datagram in IP Layer )
    o Utilizes buffers at both ends (Flow & error Control )
    o Reliable (ACKs)
    o TCP seeks to deliver a byte Stream from end - to –end , in order ,
    reliable
    TCP Features

    1] Numbering System
     Byte number
     TCP number all the data byte that are transmitted in a connection
     Numbering does necessarily starts from 0
     TCP generate a random number between 0 & 2 32-1 for numbering first byte

    2] Sequence number
     Byte are grouped into “Segments ”
     Sequence number for each segment is the number of the first Byte carried in that
    segment
    Connection Establishment

    • Establishment a virtual path between the source and destination


    • How TCP is connection – oriented while using IP (Connection – less)?
    • Connection is virtual
    • TCP uses the services of IP to delivery individual segments , but it control
    the connection itself
    • IP is unaware of retransmission , out –of – order segments
    Layer of TCP model
    Network interface layer

    • A network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/Ip model


    • It defines how the data should be sent physically through the network
    This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data between two
    devices on the same network.
    • The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating the IP datagram into
    frames transmitted by the network and mapping of IP addresses into
    physical addresses.
    • The protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token ring, FDDI, X.25, frame
    relay
    Advantages of Network access Layer

    1. There are several merits to implementing the network layer in the


    OSI model
    2. The router is equipment that is used in the network layer.
    3. It is responsible for creating collisions and broadcasting the domains
    in the network layer to reduce the traffic in the network
    4. he forwarding method is implemented to transmit the data packets
    among the different nodes in the network.
    Disadvantages of network interface

    1. Some demerits and issues cannot be addressed in the network


    layer.
    2. . The network layer design does not provide any mechanism for
    flow control
    3. Since the data packets are fragmented before being transmitted, it
    is impossible to implement indirect control at the network layer.
    This layer also lacks efficient error control mechanisms
    Layer 2: Internet layer

    • Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a connectionless


    internetwork layer is called a internet layer.
    • It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.
    • It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.
    • Order in which packets are received is different from the way they are send .
    Advantages of Network Layer

    1. By forwarding service of the network layer, the data packets are


    transferred from one place to another in the network.
    2. In order to reduce the traffic, the routers in the network layer
    create collisions and broadcast the domains.
    3. Failure in the data communication system gets eliminated by
    packetization
    Disadvantages of Network layer

    1. In the design of the network layer, there is a lack of flow


    control
    2. In the network layer, there is a lack of proper error control
    mechanisms
    3. Due to the presence of too many datagrams there happens
    occurrence of congestion.
    Layer 3: Transport Layer

    1. It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or


    single path.
    2. Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting on the
    data is done by transport layer.
    3. The applications can read and write to the transport layer.
    4. . Transport layer adds header information to the data.
    5. Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so
    that they are handled more efficiently by the network layer.
    Functions of Transport Layer

    1. The Transport layer chops the message received from the Application
    layer into segments and tags or numbers them to make a sequence.
    And then forwards it to the IP layer for further processing.
    2. The Transport layer ensures that data is delivered correctly in
    sequence to the correct destination host by doing error detection
    3. It is responsible for providing end-to-end communication services for
    applications.
    4. . It is also responsible for providing reliability by doing flow control
    and error control
    Layer 4: Application Layer

    The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were at the top of
    the protocol stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc.
    1. TELNET is a two-way communication protocol which allows connecting to a
    remote machine and run applications on it.
    2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, that allows File transfer amongst
    computer users connected over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient
    3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is used to
    transport electronic mail between a source and destination, directed via a route. 4.
    DNS (Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a textual address for
    Hosts connected over a network.
    The advantages of TCP/IP mode

    1. It is an industry–standard model that can be effectively deployed in


    practical networking problems.
    2. It is interoperable, i.e., it allows cross-platform communications
    among heterogeneous networks.
    3. It is an open protocol suite. It is not owned by any particular
    institute and so can be used by any individual or organization
    The disadvantages of TCP/IP mode

    1. It is not generic in nature. So, it fails to represent any protocol stack


    other than the TCP/IP suite. For example, it cannot describe the
    Bluetooth connection.
    2. It does not clearly separate the concepts of services, interfaces, and
    protocols. So, it is not suitable to describe new technologies in new
    networks
    3. It does not distinguish between the data link and the physical layers,
    which has very different functionalities
    Conclusion

    Now that we've discussed some of the major components of networks and TCP/IP,
    you have the necessary background to examine the more critical issues of security in
    a converged environment. Knowing how networks are built gives you a better
    understanding of what physical or logical vulnerabilities are introduced by choosing
    one particular network design over another

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