Bone Physiology

Bone physiology
1
Bone
sue is a type of dense connective tissue
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Bone functions
Functions of bone:
1. Support & protect organs
• The brain is protected by the skull and the heart and lungs are
protected the ribs & sternum
2. Movement
• Muscles attach to skeleton
3. Inorganic salt storage

• Stores calcium and phosphate
4. Blood cell production

• Red bone marrow forms new blood cells
3
Bone components
1-Organic matrix of bone:
90%-95% collagen fibers.
5%-10% ground substance.
2-bone salts:
calcium and phosphate as hydroxyapatite
( )
Magnesium, sodium, potassium, and carbonate
ions are also present among the bone salts .
4
Bone cells
• Osteoprogenitor cells .
• Osteoblasts.
• Osteocytes .
• Osteoclasts .
5
Bone cells
Osteoblasts:
-Form organic matrix of type I
collagen fibers , proteoglycan
and glycoproteins.
-Located at the surfaces of
bone.
-activity is stimulated by
parathyroid hormone.
6
Bone cells
Osteocytes:
-osteoblast gradually surrounded by their own secretion.
-enclosed within spaces
called lacunae.
-Osteocytes are interconnected
by long cell processes
that project through
the canaliculi.
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Bone cells
Osteoclast :
-cause resorption of bone.
-lies in crypts in matrix known
as howship lacunae.
-secrets collagenase and pump
proteins to create acidic environment for dissolving
collagen.
-inhibited directly by calcitonin hormone .
-stimulated indirectly by PTH.
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Other Important Structures:
Connective Tissue layers:
– Periosteum – covers external surface
– Endosteum – covers internal surface
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Types of bone
1.Compact bone: dense area without cavities.
2.Cancellous bone (spongy):area with interconnecting
cavities.
** in long bone the bulbous ends called epiphyses are
composed of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of
compact bone ,the diaphysis totally compact bone.
** flat bones have two layers of compact bone called
plates separated by spongy bone called diploe.
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Compact bone
• Structural & functional unit of compact bone called
osteon (haversian system).
• Composed of :
1. Lamellae = concentric rings of bone
2.Central Canal (Haversian canal)= blood vessels and
nerves.
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Compact bone
3.Lacunae = bony chambers that contain an osteocyte , connected
to one another by canaliculi.
4. Canaliculi = canals with cellular processes, pathway for
nutrient and waste diffusion.
5. Volkmann’s canal – connects 2 haversian canal.
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Compact bone is
composed of osteons
cemented together
by bone matrix.
15
Cancellous bone (spongy)
• a network of interconnected trabeculae
oriented– in a position to provide the
maximum strength for the minimum mass.
16
Types of bone by shapes
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Mechanism of bone calcification
• Osteoblasts secrete collagen monomer & ground
substance(proteoglycans).
• Collagen monomerpolymerizecollagen fibers.
• Resultant tissueosteoid(cartilage like).
• Some osteoblasts become entrapped in the
osteoid osteocyte.
• Calcium & phosphate salts precipitate on the
surfaces of collagen fibers over days and
weeksHYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALS.
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Remodeling of Bone
• Bone is continually being deposited
by osteoblasts,
• and it is continually being absorbed
by osteoclasts
• The rates of bone deposition and
absorption are equal - total mass
constant – growing bone exception.
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Bone Remodeling
20
Bone remodeling
21
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Repair of fracture
Prerequisites for Bone Healing:
Adequate blood supply.
Adequate mechanical stability.
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Bone Repair
• Bone fracture
1
• Blood clot
2
• blood capillaries grow into clot

3
• Blood clot removed by macrophages

4
• Adjacent matrix of bone is resorbed by osteoclast

5
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Bone Repair
• Periosteum and endosteum at the site of fracture respond with soft
6 callus formation.
• broken ends of bone are bridged by callus.

7
• Osteoprogenitor cells are replaced by osteoblasts and spongy bone

8 is formed.
• bony (hard) callus is formed

9
• callus is resorbed by osteoclasts and compact bone replaces spongy

10 bone.
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Thank you
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Bone Physiology

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Bone physiology

3. Inorganic salt storage

4. Blood cell production

• blood capillaries grow into clot

• Blood clot removed by macrophages

• Adjacent matrix of bone is resorbed by osteoclast

• broken ends of bone are bridged by callus.

• Osteoprogenitor cells are replaced by osteoblasts and spongy bone

• bony (hard) callus is formed

• callus is resorbed by osteoclasts and compact bone replaces spongy

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