ISTANBUL TECHNICAL

UNIVERSITY

COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

BLG 519E – Wireless Networks Protocols

Asst. Prof. Gökhan SEÇİNTİ
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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Networks and Systems
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Introduction 1-2
 WIRELESS COMES OF AGE
• Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in
1896
– Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in
analog signal
– Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
• Communications satellites launched in 1960s
• Advances in wireless technology
– Radio, television, mobile telephone, mobile data,
communication satellites
• More recently
– Wireless networking, cellular technology, mobile apps,
Internet of Things
Introduction 1-3
 CELLULAR TELEPHONE
• Started as a replacement to the wired telephone
• Early generations offered voice and limited data
• Current third and fourth generation systems
– Voice
– Texting
– Social networking
– Mobile apps
– Mobile Web
– Mobile commerce
– Video streaming
Introduction 1-4
 WIRELESS IMPACT
• Profound
• Shrinks the world
• Always on
• Always connected
• Changes the way people communicate
– Social networking
• Converged global wireless network

Introduction 1-5
FIGURE 1.1 SOME MILESTONES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Introduction 1-6
GLOBAL CELLULAR NETWORK
• Growth
– 11 million users in 1990
– Over 7 billion today
• Mobile devices
– Convenient
– Location aware
– Only economical form of communications in some
places

Introduction 1-7
GLOBAL CELLULAR NETWORK
• Generations
– 1G – Analog
– 2G – Digital voice
• Voice services with some moderate rate data services
– 3G – Packet networks
• Universal Mobile Phone Service (UMTS)
• CDMA2000
– 4G – New wireless approach (OFDM)
• Higher spectral efficiency
• 100 Mbps for high mobility users
• 1 Gbps for low mobility access
• Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced
Introduction 1-8
MOBILE DEVICE REVOLUTION
• Originally just mobile phones
• Today’s devices
– Multi-megabit Internet access
– Mobile apps
– High megapixel digital cameras
– Access to multiple types of wireless networks
• Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G, and 4G
– Several on-board sensors
• Key to how many people interact with the world
around them
Introduction 1-9
 MOBILE DEVICE REVOLUTION
• Better use of spectrum
• Decreased costs
• Limited displays and input capabilities
• Tablets provide balance between smartphones and PCs
• Long distance
– Cellular 3G and 4G
• Local areas
– Wi-Fi
• Short distance
– Bluetooth, ZigBee

Introduction 1-10
 FUTURE TRENDS
• LTE-Advanced and gigabit Wi-Fi now being deployed
• Machine-to-machine communications
– The “Internet of Things”
– Devices interact with each other
• Healthcare, disaster recovery, energy savings, security and surveillance,
environmental awareness, education, manufacturing, and many others
– Information dissemination
• Data mining and decision support
– Automated adaptation and control
• Home sensors collaborate with home appliances, HVAC systems,
lighting systems, electric vehicle charging stations, and utility
companies.
– Eventually could interact in their own forms of social networking
Introduction 1-11
 FUTURE TRENDS
• Machine-to-machine communications
– 100-fold increase in the number of devices
– Type of communication would involve many short
messages
– Control applications will have real-time delay
requirements
• Much more stringent than for human interaction

Introduction 1-12
 FUTURE TRENDS
• Future networks
– 1000-fold increase in data traffic by 2020
– 5G – Not defined but envisioned by 2020
• Technologies
– Network densification – many small cells
– Device-centric architectures - focus on what a device needs
– Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) – 10s or 100s of
antennas
• To focus antenna beams toward intended devices
– Millimeter wave (mmWave) - frequencies in the 30 GHz to 300 GHz
bands
• Have much available bandwidth.
• But require more transmit power and have higher attenuation due to obstructions
– Native support for machine to machine communication
• Sustained low data rates, massive number of devices, and very low delays.
Introduction 1-13
THE TROUBLE WITH WIRELESS
• Wireless is convenient and less expensive, but not
perfect
• Limitations and political and technical difficulties
inhibit wireless technologies
• Wireless channel
– Line-of-sight is best but not required
– Signals can still be received
• Transmission through objects
• Reflections off of objects
• Scattering of signals
• Diffraction around edges of objects
Introduction 1-14
THE TROUBLE WITH WIRELESS
• Wireless channel
– Reflections can cause multiple copies of the signal to arrive
• At different times and attenuations
• Creates the problem of multipath fading
• Signals add together to degrade the final signal
– Noise
– Interference from other users
– Doppler spread caused by movement

Introduction 1-15
 COMBATING PROBLEMS
• Modulation – use a signal format to send as many bits as possible
• Error control coding – add extra bits so errors are
detected/corrected.
• Adaptive modulation and coding – dynamically adjust modulation
and coding to current channel conditions.
• Equalization – counteract the multipath effects of the channel.
• Multiple-input multiple-output systems – use multiple antennas
– Point signals strongly in certain directions
– Send parallel streams of data.
• Direct sequence spread spectrum – expand the signal bandwidth
• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing – break a signal into
many lower rate bit streams
– Each is less susceptible to multipath problems.
Introduction 1-16
 POLITICAL DIFFICULTIES
• Between companies
– Need common standards so products interoperate
– Some areas have well agreed-upon standards
• Wi-Fi, LTE
• Not true for Internet of Things technologies
• Spectrum regulations
– Governments dictate how spectrum is used
• Many different types of uses and users
– Some frequencies have somewhat restrictive bandwidths
and power levels
• Others have much more bandwidth available
Introduction 1-17
 PLAN OF THE TEXT
• Part One – Technical Background
– Process of data and packet communications, as well as protocol layers,
TCP/IP, and data networks.
• Part Two – Wireless Communication Technology
– All of the relevant information about the process of sending a wireless signal
and combating the effects of the wireless channel.
– Covered briefly with Chapter 5, Overview of Wireless Communications
– Or through five subsequent chapters in more depth
• Part Three – Wireless Local and Personal Area Networks
– Details on IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, Bluetooth, the Internet of Things, and
ZigBee.
• Part Four – Wireless Mobile Networks and Applications
– Mobile cellular systems principles, LTE, smartphones
– Mobile applications and app development
– Long-range communications using satellite, fixed wireless, and WiMAX.
Introduction 1-18
FIGURE P.1 WIRELESS TOPICS
Introduction 1-19
 ANIMATIONS
• Book provides powerful tools for understanding complex mechanisms
– Over 150 Web-based animations
• Progressively introduce parts of diagrams
• Illustrate data flow, connection setup and maintenance procedures, error
handling, encapsulation
• From the ebook version simply touch or click on the figure
• From the print version
– Use the QR code next to the figure
– Use the book’s Premium Web site
• Click or tap on the animation for each step.
• Animation for Figure P.2 (actually Figure 13.7)
– Shows possible choices of handoff decisions at different locations between two
base stations.
– Animations show the figure piece-by-piece with extra explanation.

Introduction 1-20
FIGURE P.2 HANDOFF BETWEEN TWO CELLS

Introduction 1-21