Electron & Neutron Diffraction

Electron Diffraction And Neutron
Diffraction
By
ENGR. ZEESHAN SYED
M.Phil PHYSICS
UNIVERSITY OF CHENAB
1
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• PRINCIPLE
• INSTRUMENTATION
• WORKING
• APPLICATION
• ADVANTAGES
2
What is diffraction?
• An interaction between a wave of any kind
and an object of any kind.
When collimated beam of electron waves strikes pair of parallel

lattice planes in a crystal,each atom act as a scattering centre
and emits secondary waves .All of the secondary waves
interfere with each other to produce diffracted beam
3
TYPES OF DIFFRACTION
 X-RAY DIFFRACTION
 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
 NEUTRON DIFFRACTION
4
BASIC PRINCIPLE
Bragg’s law of diffraction:
When bragg’s law is satisfied, reflected beams are in phase and interfere
constructively to produce diffraction patterns
5
How X-ray Differs From Electron Waves?
 As Louis De-broglie predicted that wave properties should

also be associated with moving electrons and hence the
wavelength associated with the electrons are given by
ƛ=
 v depends on potential difference(p.d)
 For 10 to 10,000 volts ƛ varies between 3.89 to 0.12Ǻ hence
such electrons act as X-Ray towards crystal. 10,000 to 40,000
volts applied to get high speed electrons to be used in
diffraction
6
INSTRUMENTATION
• It consists mainly of electron gun target and

luminescent screen
7
8
WORKING
 It involves generation of electrons by a hot filament,

made accelerated by applying p.d of about 40,000
volts, passage of electrons passing through the
sample
 As a result it get diffracted and the effect is seen on
the fluorescent screen in the form of concentric rings
9
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS
Mosaic single crystal Plate like texture Polycrystal
10
GRAPHICAL PLOT
11
GRAPHICAL PLOT
12
APPLICATIONS
• It is used to investigate the nature of solid surfaces and surface films.
• It has its own importance in studying the surface structures of thin

films.
• Particularly this technique is more effective for gases and vapours for
measuring the bond distances and bond angles.
• It also gives information about electron distribution in the given
sample.
13
ADVANTAGES OVER X-RAY
• Being less penetrate than X-Rays , their interaction with the

surface level is more intimate.
• In electron diffraction the intensity of diffraction pattern is
high and so only very short exposure times are necessary when
compared to that of X-rays
14
NEUTRON DIFFRACTION
• Neutron diffraction is the application of neutron scattering to
the determination of the atomic structure of the material.
• When a beam of neutrons emanating from a reactor is slowed
down and selected properly by their speed, their wavelength
lies near one angstrom (0.1 nanometer), the typical separation
between atoms in a solid material. Such a beam can then be
used to perform a diffraction experiment.
15
INSTRUMENTATION
It consists mainly of neutron source, monochromator and
detector.
16
WORKING
• The technique requires a source of neutrons. Neutrons are
usually produced in a nuclear reactor or spallation source.
• At a research reactor, other components are needed, including
a crystal monochromators, as well as filters to select the
desired neutron wavelength.
• Sample requirement: Single crystal work is also possible, but
the crystals must be much larger than those that are used in
single-crystal X-ray crystallography.
17
TYPES OF SCATTERING
 Nuclear scattering
 Magnetic scattering
18
NUCLEAR SCATTERING
• Nuclear scattering is due to the interaction of neutrons with atomic
nuclei
• Neutrons interact directly with the nucleus of the atom, and the
contribution to the diffracted intensity depends on each isotope; for
example, regular hydrogen and deuterium contribute differently.
• It is also often the case that light (low Z) atoms contribute strongly
to the diffracted intensity, even in the presence of large Z atoms.
19
MAGNETIC SCATTERING
• Although neutrons are uncharged, they carry a magnetic moment,

and therefore interact with magnetic moments, including those
arising from the electron cloud around an atom.
• Neutron diffraction can therefore reveal the microscopic magnetic
structure of a material.
• Magnetic scattering requires an atomic form factor as it is caused
by the much larger electron cloud around the tiny nucleus.
20
Graphical plot
21
APPLICATIONS
• Used for locating light atoms
• Used for detecting isotopes of same atomic number
• Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a nuclear process used
for determining the concentrations of elements in a vast
amount of materials.
• Highly penetrating: Measure bulk properties can benefit
from large samples.
• Main advantage is to study the magnetic properties of the
22
compounds comprised of transition metal series.
Neutron diffraction Electron diffraction
`
23
REFERENCES
• Introduction to advanced inorganic chemistry by
P.J.DURRANT and B.DURRANT
• Solid state chemistry by R.WEST and ANTHONY
• Wikipedia-diffraction techniques
24

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Electron Diffraction And Neutron

When collimated beam of electron waves strikes pair of parallel

 As Louis De-broglie predicted that wave properties should

• It consists mainly of electron gun target and

 It involves generation of electrons by a hot filament,

Mosaic single crystal Plate like texture Polycrystal

• It is used to investigate the nature of solid surfaces and surface films.

• It has its own importance in studying the surface structures of thin

• Being less penetrate than X-Rays , their interaction with the

• Although neutrons are uncharged, they carry a magnetic moment,

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