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FDD Cell Range

FDD and TDD LTE Radio Planning [FL18/TL18]

RA41200-V-18 © Nokia 2018

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RA4120 – Learning Elements list
 Introduction & Roadmaps
 LTE/EPS Overview
 LTE Air Interface
 Air Interface Overheads
 RRM overview
 LTE Link Budget
 Cell Range (Coverage Planning)
 Radio Capacity Planning
 Nokia eNodeB LTE Solution
 Initial Parameters Planning
 LTE Performance Simulations
 Paging & TA Planning

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Module Objectives

After completing this module, the participant will be able to:

• Describe the main propagation models
• Calculate the cell range
• Compare the cell range of LTE with other technologies

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Module Contents

• Propagation Models/ Cell Range Calculation

• Coverage Calculation
• Example: Service Dependent Coverage
• Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

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Module Contents

• Propagation Models/ Cell Range Calculation

• Coverage Calculation
• Example: Service Dependent Coverage
• Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

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Propagation Modelling

Propagation modeling belongs to the technology independent area. Good propagation modeling is crucial for
exact network planning and dimensioning. Nokia recommendations:

• Checks should be made to ensure that the Digital Terrain Map (DTM) is up-to-date and is accurate in terms of clutter,
vectors, and ground height. The DTM resolution should be about 20 m for urban and suburban areas and about 50 m
for rural areas.
• The number of clutter categories should be approximately 10.
• If an operator specifies the propagation model, then the results should be compared with those generated by a Nokia
model to identify any significant differences.
• Building vectors should be used if the radio network plan includes micro cells with antenna which are below the roof-
top.
• RF measurements used to tune a propagation model should be based upon at least eight sites, with a further two sites
measured for subsequent model validation. Drive routes should be planned to remain within the 3 dB beam width of the
antenna and should avoid elevated sections of road, tunnels or cuttings. The drive route should include a balance of
line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) locations.
• Measurement data should be filtered, binned and analyzed prior to completing tuning. Each clutter type should have at
least 400 data samples after binning. The most appropriate type of propagation models should be determined during
the tuning procedure. After tuning, the models should be validated and periodically audited.

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Propagation Models
• Empirical

An equation based on extensive empirical measurements is created. Those models can be

used only in the environments similar to the examined one. The small changes in the
environment characteristic can cause enormous errors in the prediction of wave propagation.

• Semi-empirical

Combination of empirical and deterministic models

(e.g. empirical COST Hata can be combined with
the theoretical knife edge model).

• Deterministic
Wave propagation is described by means of rays travelling between transmitted and receiving
antenna and coming in to reflections, scattering, diffractions, etc . Those methods, generally
based on ray optical techniques, give a very accurate description of the wave propagation but
require a large computation time.

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 Propagation Models used in Nokia tools
• Okumura-Hata

Statistical
- The most commonly used statistical model
• Walfish-Ikegami
- Statistical model especially for urban environments 

to be tuned!
• Juul-Nyholm
- Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with
different equation for predictions beyond radio
horizon (~20km)

Deterministic
• Ray-tracing
- Deterministic prediction tool for
microcellular environments

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Applicability of the Okumura-Hata and Walfisch-Ikegami propagation models

Okumura-Hata Walfisch-Ikegami
Frequency Range 150 MHz to 1.0 GHz 800 MHz to 2.0 GHz
1.5 to 2.0 GHz
(COST)
Applicability of the
eNodeB Antenna Height 30 to 200 mOkumura-Hata4 to 50
andm
above roof-top above roof-top
Walfisch-Ikegami
propagation models
UE Antenna Height 1 to 10 m 1 to 3 m
Range 1 to 20 Km 30 m to 6 km
Applicable to Macrocells Macrocells

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 Propagation Models – Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model
• In order to fit the Okumura-Hata model into the operation frequencies of 3G, some additional measurements and
adjustments were done in the framework of European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific & Technical Research
(COST)
• The validity range for the extended model:
- Frequency f: 150 MHz – 2000 MHz
- Distance R: 1-20 km
- BS height hBS: 10-200m
- MS height hMS: 1-10m
• The correction factor “c” present in the model depends on area type
  f 
Correction  2  log10  28   5.4 for suburban areas correction
2

   area type
Factor  factor [dB]
4.78  log 10  f   18.33  log 10  f   44.94 for rural areas
2

dense urban areas -3

city center areas 0
suburban areas 12,27
rural areas 32,52

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Propagation Models – Okumura-Hata & COST Hata model

L = A + B  log10 (f) - 13.82  log10 (h BS ) - a(h MS )  [44.9 - 6.55  log10 (h BS )]  log(R)

+ CorrectionFactor  Morpho Correction

 R  .............
69.99 150 MHz  f  1500 MHz 
A= 
46.30 1500 MHz  f  2000 MHz

26.16 150 MHz  f 1500 MHz 

B= 
33.90 1500 MHz  f < 2000 MHz

a(h MS ) = [1,1  log10 (f) - 0,7]  h MS - 1.56  log10 ( f )  0.8

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Link Budget Propagation Model: Modified Cost231-Hata

 f   hBS   hMS   d 
L  A  B log    13.82 log    a   s log    Lclutter
 MHz   m   m   km 
Frequency A B
150-1500 MHz 69.55 26.16
1500-2000MHz 46.3 33.9
3 DU
0 U

    f  
2

Clutter correction   2  lg    5 .4  SU
Lclutter    
Term Lclutter     28  

 4.78 lg  f   18.33 log  f   40.94
2
 RURAL

 
 4.78 lg  f   18.33 log  f   35.94
2
 ROAD

UE Height Correction Factors a(hMS)

3.2[lg(11. 75hMS )] 2  4.97 DU,U

a(hMS )  
[1.1lg(f )  0.7]hMS  [1.56 lg(f )  0.8] SU

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Link Budget Propagation Model: Modified Cost231-Hata
2 slopes model
• Different slopes (s) for d ≥ 1km & for d < 1km
• 2 slope is an extension of 1 slope model for d < 1km
– If cell range >= 1 km results are the same for 1 slope & 2 slope models ( same formula used)
– If cell range < 1 km then 2-slope model provides better results
• Recommended: 2 slopes model for all clutter types

  hBS 
 44 . 9  6 . 55 log , d  1km
  m 
s 
 
 47.88  13.9 log
 f  h 
  13.82 log BS   
1
, d  1km
  MHz m  log50
      

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Propagation Models – Walfish-Ikegami
•Model for urban macrocellular propagation
- Antenna close to roof-top level
•Assumes regular city layout (“Manhattan grid”)
•Total path loss consists of two parts:

NLOS
LOS
• roof-to-street diffraction and scatter loss
• line-of-sight loss
• mobile environment losses

h
w
b
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Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model
• This semi empirical model is the special adaptation of Walfish-Bertoni model, prepared especially for the
typical antennas placement in 3G (below the roof top).
• The validity range:
- Frequency: 800 MHz- 2000 MHz
- BS height: 4 – 50 m (above roof-top)
- MS height: 1 – 3 m
- Distance: 0.02 – 5 km
• Path loss with LOS between MS & BS

LLOS  42.6  20 log10 ( f )  26 log10 ( R)

 R  .............
LOS: Line-of-sight

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Propagation Models – Walfish-Ikegami
“Line-of-sight” path (LOS)
-Use free space propagation
-Applicable for microwave & satellite links

•“Non-line-of-sight” path (NLOS)

-Heavy diffraction, refraction situations
-Great uncertainties in modelling
-COST Walfish-Ikegami model includes model for NLOS prediction
-Use ray-tracing models

•Needs detailed building databases (vectorial information)

“Manhattan grid” model

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Propagation Models – COST Walfish-Ikegami model
•Path loss without LOS between MS & BS (continue)

L1  L11  k a  k d  lg( d )  k f  lg( f )  9 lg(b)

 18 lg(1  hBS  h), hBS  h
L11  
0, hBS  h
54, hBS  h

k a  54  0.8  (hBS  h), hBS  h and d  0.5

 
d
54  0.8  (hBS  h)  0.5 , hBS  h and d  0.5

18, hBS  h

kd   hBS  h
18  15  , hBS  h
 h
 4  0.7 f
 925  1, Medium sized cities and suburban centers
  
kf  
 4  0.7 f  1, Metropolitan centers
  925 

Mean building spacing: b [m]

Mean building height: h [m]

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Propagation Models – Microcell

Ray tracing Ray launching

Rx
Tx

Tx

• Very accurate methods, but due to the complexity of the algorithms, computer power consuming.
• Digital maps with a high accuracy are required. The Digital Terrain Map (DTM) resolution should be about 20 m
for urban and suburban areas and about 50 m for rural areas.

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Module Contents

• Propagation Models/ Cell Range Calculation

• Coverage Calculation
• Example: Service Dependent Coverage
• Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

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 Coverage Area – Coverage Area in Dimensioning
•After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated
•When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken into account

R
R

Omni- or Bi-sector Tri-sector

6-sectored Site
A = 1,73 R2
2 A = 1,95 R23
2
A = 2,6 R1
Please note that for one hexagon the radius R is equal to the side length !!

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Dimensioning Process – Overview

Outputs:
• Site count for capacity and coverage
• The final number of sites is the bigger number from
capacity and coverage point of view
• The calculation could be done for each clutter type and
for different phases (for example, years)

BH = Busy Hour

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The Number of Sites due to Coverage

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The Number of Sites due to Coverage
Area Size (Km²)
• this is the planned area
• typically defined for each clutter type
• the customer may provide this value
Site Area (Km²)
• this is the site area calculated from the link budget and using the propagation model
• depends on the number of cells per site (typical 3 cells per site)

Number of sites due to coverage:

# Sites due to Coverage = Roundup (Area Size / Site Area)

Example:
• Planned area is 100 Km²
• Site Area is 10 Km²
• The number of sites due to coverage is 100 Km²/ 10 Km² = 10

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Coverage Area – Hexagons vs. Cells

• Three hexagons • Three cells

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Coverage Area – DL simulation

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Coverage Area – UL simulation

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Radio Planning Tools
There are definitely not a large number of commercial radio network planning tools which may be used for
either the path loss based approach or the LTE simulation based approach.

However, almost any planning tool might be used for LTE DL coverage estimation as propagation
phenomenon is more or less technology independent. Trying to simulate UL or even DL/UL throughput
presents a bigger challenge, but certain workarounds are feasible.

Currently, there are three LTE RF planning tools commercially available:

• Atoll (www.forsk.com)
• Mentum Planet (www.infovista.com)
• Asset (www.aircominternational.com)

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Module Contents

• Propagation Models/ Cell Range Calculation

• Coverage Calculation
• Example: Service Dependent Coverage
• Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

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Cell Range Calculation - Example
• Compare the UL & DL Pathloss and Cell Range for the following services:
• DL: VoIP 12,2 Kbps, 1024 Kbps, 2048 Kbps and 4096 Kbps
• UL: VoIP 12,2 Kbps, 64 Kbps, 384 Kbps and 1024 Kbps

• For the pathloss use the results and the assumptions from chapter 6: LTE Link Budget
• Building Penetration Loss, Shadowing Margin & Gain Against Shadowing are considered

• For Coverage assume:

• BTS Antenna Height: 30 m
• UE Antenna Height: 1,5 m
• Propagation Model: Modified Cost 231-Hata with 2 slopes

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Solution – DL

4096 kbps data:

2048 kbps data: L = 134.02 dB
VoIP 1024 kbps data: L = 140.79 dB 1.43 km
12.2 kbps: L = 144.52 dB 2.24 km
L = 148.06 dB 2.85 km
3.60 km

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Solution – UL

VoIp 384 kbps data: 1024 kbps data:

12,2 kbps data: L = 132.46 dB L = 128.37 dB
64 kbps: L = 135.24 dB 1.30 km 0.99 km
L = 138.14 dB 1.55 km
1.88 km

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Module Contents

• Propagation Models/ Cell Range Calculation

• Coverage Calculation
• Example: Service Dependent Coverage
• Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

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Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies --- Assumptions

- Noise figure
- Handset

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Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

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Comparison: LTE vs. other technologies

- LTE deployment on existing grid should allow to achieve:

• 1024 kbps in DL & 64 kbps in UL at the cell-edge

- LTE has an additional potential for improvement:

• UL limitation can be reduced by features such as:
- TTI bundling
- VoLTE UL Coverage Boosting (FL16)
- enhanced frequency-selective scheduling
- interference rejection/cancellation
- enhanced/optimized power control

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