T Test One Sample

TESTS OF STATISTICAL
SIGNIFICANCE (t – test)
• The independent variable (traditionally plotted on the x axis) is what
can freely change.
• The dependent variable (traditionally plotted on the y axis) is what is
affected by the independent variable.
• Examples:
Independent - outdoor temperature; dependent - refreshment sales

Independent - time of the day; dependent - electricity consumption
Independent - price of aviation fuel; dependent - price of airline tickets
between specific destinations
STUDENT‘s t-TEST
• This test was invented by a statistician working for the brewer
Guinness. He was called WS Gosset (1867-1937), but preferred to
keep himself anonymous so wrote under the name “Student” It is used
for CONTINUOUS DATA and comparison of means
The t-test distribution
• lived from 1876 to 1937
• Gosset invented the t -test to handle small samples for quality control
• In brewing. He wrote under the name "Student
THE t-DISTRIBUTION
• Also known as the "Student's T Distribution"
• A type of probability distribution that is theoretical and resembles a
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
• It is UNI- - MODAL
• BELL SHAPED
• It is symmetrical around the mean and extends indefinitely on both
sides
• It has many properties which differentiate it from the standard normal
or z-distribution
THE t-DISTRIBUTION
• It is actually a family of distribution, i.e. different distribution for
each sample value of n-1
• It deviates form normality with small sample sizes i.e. it is more flat
with long tails & variance is more than 1 but approaches 1 when
sample size becomes large
• 95 % t value is 2.36 ( depends on DF)
• 95 % z value is 1.96
THE t-DISTRIBUTION
• T distribution differs from the normal distribution by its degrees of
freedom. The HIGHER THE DEGREES OF FREEDOM, THE CLOSER
that distribution will resemble a STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
with a mean of 0, and a standard deviation of 1
• Critical values used to decide significance obtained from t table
• With any level of significance, critical value to achieve statistical significance
varies with the size of sample
• At indefinite degree of freedom critical value for “t” is same as “z”
• It is a “probability distribution that is used to estimate population parameters
when the SAMPLE SIZE IS SMALL And/or when the POPULATION
VARIANCE IS UNKNOWN
t DISTRIBUTION
TABLE
• Using the t distribution table, critical values are determined given the
form of the alternative hypothesis the level of confidence, and the
degree of freedom (n-1)
• Example:
• Find the critical values of t given that:
• a) Ha: ≠ , α = 0.05 df =12
t (two tailed,α,df,) = +/- 2.179
• b) Ha: > , α = 0.01 df =29
t (one tailed,α,df,) = + 2.462
z-TEST OR t TEST ??
n>30 n<30
σ known (pop SD) Z test Z test
σ Unknown (pop SD) Z test T test
σ = Population standard deviation

n = sample size
Degrees of Freedom
• Refers the number of values that are free to vary after certain
restrictions have been placed on the data.
• Number of elements in a set that can be arbitrarily defined before the
rest of the elements in the set are determined.
t – test – when to use it?
• t distribution is used for statistical testing when the population
parameters are unknown and / or when the sample size is small
• Comparison of means
• Does that mean that we can not use the t – test if population
parameters are known and / or the sample size is sufficiently large?
t-test – Assumptions / Conditions
• Samples are drawn randomly and independently from their respective
populations
• Sample size is small
• Normal distribution
In these contexts t-test is similar to a z-test
Types of t - test
T test
Paired t test
(dependent ) Unpaired t test
Unmatched (independent)
within matched
Repeated measures
ONE SAMPLE T - TEST
One Sample t – test
(Sample Vs The Population)
• Finding out if the difference between sample mean and population

mean (may be hypothesized) is statistically significant or not. Or to
find out if the given sample is from a particular population.
• t = x - µ / s /√n
• Value of t calculated here is t calc.
This value is to be compared to t crit
• The formula is essentially the same as that for z test so the difference
henceforth would be ?
t-Test for single mean
• The following are the weight (mg) of each of 20 rats drawn at random
from a large stock. Is it likely that the mean weight for the whole stock
could be 24 g, a value observed in some previous work?
9 18 21 26
14 18 22 27
15 19 22 29
15 19 24 30
16 20 24 32
Steps for test for single mean
1.Question to be answered (Research Question)
Is the Mean weight of the sample of 20 rats is 24 mg?
N=20, x=21.0 mg, SD=5.91 , μ=24.0 mg
2 . Null & Alternate Hypothesis
The mean weight of rats is 24 g / not 24 g .That is, The sample mean is
equal/ not equal to population mean.
3. Assumption
• Sampled population is normal
• Small random sample (n < 30)
• σ is unknown
4. Level of Significance – 0.05
• 1.Apply test of significance
• 2.Justification: Small sample size
Degree of Freedom - 19
• 3.Find critical value from t table – t crit = t .05, 19 = 2.093
• 4.Compute test statistics t =x-μ /s /√n
• t(n-1) df
• 5. Test statistics : n=20, x=21.0 mg, SD=5.91, μ=24.0 mg
• t=21-24/5.91/√20=-2.27
6. Comparison with theoretical value
If t crit (n- 1)< t cal(n-1) reject Ho
If t crit (n-1)> t cal(n-1)fail to reject Ho
7. Reject or fail to reject null hypothesis - t crit = t .05, 19 = 2.093
Reject H 0 as t calc 2.30 > t crit 2.093
8. Inference : Answering the research question
THERE IS NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT EVIDENCE
THAT THE SAMPLE IS TAKEN FROM THE POPULATION
WITH MEAN WEIGHT OF 24 Gm
9. Calculate CI for population mean:
CI 95 = Mean± t 0.05 (SEM) = 21 ±2.093(SEM)
Exercise
• A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections
per week at a hospital in a central city is 16.3. A random sample of 10
weeks had a mean number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard
deviation is 1.8. Is there enough evidence to reject the investigators
claim at alpha = 0.05?
Solution
• H o : x = 16.3 (claim)
• H A : x ≠16.3 (claim)
• N = 10 , sd = 1.8, alpha = 0.05
• Df = n – 1 = 9
• Critical values = ±2.262 at df = 9
• t calc = 2.46
• Reject the null hypothesis since 2.46>2.262
• There is enough evidence to reject the claim that the average number
of infections is 16.3
Exercise
• A physicians claim that joggers maximal volume oxygen uptake is
greater than the average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a
mean of 40.6 ml/kg and SD of 6ml/kg. if the average of all the adults
is 36.7 ml/kg, is there enough evidence to support the physicians claim
at alpha = 0.05
Exercise
• The following are the oxygen uptake during incubation of a random
sample of 15 cell suspensions:
14.0, 14.1, 14.5, 13.2, 11.2, 14.0, 14.1, 12.2, 11.1, 13.7, 13.2,
16.0, 12.8, 14.4, 12.9
• Do these data provide sufficient evidence at the 0.05 level of
significance that population mean is not 12 ml? what assumptions are
necessary?
Exercise
• Suppose it is known that the IQ score of a certain population of adults
are approximately normally distributed with a S.D of 15. A simple
random sample of 25 adults drawn from this population had a mean
IQ of 105. On the basis of these data can we conclude that the mean
IQ score for the population is not 100? Let the probability of
committing type I error is 0.05

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TESTS OF STATISTICAL

Independent - outdoor temperature; dependent - refreshment sales

σ = Population standard deviation

• Finding out if the difference between sample mean and population

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