Chapter 1: Function and Graphs

Department of Mathematics, FPT University

 Chapter 1: Function and Graphs

Objectives

 Four ways to represent a function

 Basis functions and the transformations of functions

 1.1
Review of Functions
 FUNCTION

A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D

exactly one element, called f(x), in a set E.

The set D is called the domain of the function f.

 FUNCTION
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f(x) as x varies
throughout the domain.
 FUNCTION
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f(x) as x varies
throughout the domain.
 GRAPH
The graph of f is the set of all points (x, y) in the coordinate plane
such that y = f(x) and x is in the domain of f.

The graph of f also allows us to picture:

 The domain of f on the x-axis

 Its range on the y-axis

 GRAPH
Example 1
The graph of a function f is shown.
a. Find the values of f(1) and f(5).
b. What is the domain and range of f ?

f(1) = 3
f(5) = - 0.7
D = [0, 7]
Range(f) =
[-2, 4]
 DISCUSSION

Find the domain and the range of the following functions:

4x 1
a) f  x   5  2 x b) g  x  
2x  3

c) h  x   16  x 2
d) q  x   x 2  4 x +7

Casio: Find range. Menu + 8

 DISCUSSION

Find the domain and the range of the following functions:

x  x 1
2
f x  2
x  x 1
1. Find the domain of each function:

2 x
f x  f  x   ln  x  1 
( x  2) x  1 x 1

2x 1
f x  f ( x) 
x2  4x  3
x x4 lg( x  2)
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

There are four possible ways to represent a function:

 Algebraically (by an explicit formula)

 Visually (by a graph)

 Numerically (by a table of values)

 Verbally (by a description in words)

 Example 2

The human population of the world P depends on the time t.

 The table gives estimates of the

world population P(t) at time t,
for certain years.

 However, for each value of the

time t, there is a corresponding
value of P, and we say that
P is a function of t.
 Example 3

"When you turn on a hot-water faucet, the temperature T of the water

depends on how long the water has been running".
Draw a rough graph of T as a function of the time t that has elapsed
since the faucet was turned on.
Rule: The vertical line test

A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function of x if and only if

no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
Rule: The vertical line test

The reason for the truth of the Vertical Line Test can be seen in the
figure.
 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

A function f is called increasing on an interval I if:

f(x1) < f(x2) whenever x1 < x2 in I

It is called decreasing on I if:

f(x1) > f(x2) whenever x1 < x2 in I

 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

The function f is said to be

increasing on the interval [a, b],
decreasing on [b, c],
and increasing again on [c, d].
 SYMMETRY: EVEN FUNCTION

If a function f satisfies:

f(-x) = f(x), for all x in D

then f is called an even function.

 The geometric significance of an even function is that its

graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

y = x4
 SYMMETRY: ODD FUNCTION

If f satisfies:

f(-x) = - f(x), for all x in D

then f is called an odd function.

The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.

EX: Determine whether is even, odd, or neither

g)

e)

f)
Function Composition
Example 3

Let f is an odd function. If (-3,5) is in the graph of f then

which point is also in the graph of f?

a. (3,5) b. (-3,-5) c. (3,-5) d. All of the others

Answer: c
 Example 4

Suppose f is an odd function and g is an even function.

What can we say about the function f.g defined by (f.g)(x)=f(x)g(x)?

Prove your result.

 QUIZ QUESTIONS

1) If f is a function then f(x+2)=f(x)+f(2)

a. True b. False

2) If f(s)=f(t) then s= t

a. True b. False

3) Let f be a function. We can find s and t such that s=t and f(s) is not equal to f(t)

a. True b. False
 COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

• Two functions f and g can be combined to form new

functions:

 (f + g)x = f(x) + g(x)

 (f – g)x = f(x) – g(x)

 (fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)

 (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))
 f  f ( x)
  ( x) 
g g ( x)
 QUIZ QUESTIONS

Let h(x)=f(g(x)).

1) If g(x)=x-1 and h(x)=3x+2 then f(x) is:

a. 3x+3 b. 3x+4 c. 3x+1 d. None of them

2) If h(x)=3x+2 and f(x)=x-1 then g(x) is:

a. 3x+3 b. 3x+4 c.3x+1 d. None of them

Answer: 1) d 2) a
 QUIZ QUESTIONS
1) If f and g are functions, then (f o g) = (g o f)

a. True b. False

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
2) .

f ( x) 3 2 1 0 1 2

g ( x) 6 5 2 3 4 6

(f o g)(2) is

a. 5 b. 1 c. 2 d. None of the others

Chapter 1: Function and Graphs

1.2
BASIC CLASSES OF FUNCTIONS
 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
LINEAR MODELS

When we say that y is a linear function of x, we mean that the graph of

the function is a line.

 So, we can use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line to

write a formula for the function as

y  f ( x)  mx  b

where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.

 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
LINEAR MODELS

A function of the form f(x) = x a , where a is constant, is called a

power function.
 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
POLYNOMIALS
A function P is called a polynomial if

P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + … + a2x2 + a1x + a0

where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, a2, …, an are
constants called the coefficients of the polynomial.
 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials

P( x)
f ( x) 
Q( x)

where P and Q are polynomials.

 The domain consists of all values of x such that .

Q( x)  0
 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

f(x) = sin x g(x) = cos x

D  (, ) Range = [-1, 1]

sin( x  k 2 )  sin x cos( x  k 2 )  cos x; k  Z

 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

sin x
tan x 
cos x

3
x   , , 
2 2

R  (, )

tan( x  k )  tan x; k  Z
 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The reciprocals of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions are

1
cos ecx 
sin x
1
sec x 
cos x
1
cot anx 
tan x
 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
The exponential functions are the functions of the
form f ( x )  a x
, where the base a is a positive constant.

 The graphs of y = 2x and y = (0.5)x are shown.

 In both cases, the domain is and the range

is .
 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
The logarithmic functions f  x   log, awhere
x the base a is a positive
constant, are the inverse functions of the exponential functions.

The figure shows the graphs of

four logarithmic functions with
various bases.
 PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS

 x  3, x 1
Example: f x   .
 x  2  , x  1
2
 TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTION

Label the following graph from the graph of the function y=f(x)
shown in the part (a)

y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?

 SHIFTING
Why don’t we consider the case c<0?

Suppose c > 0.
 To obtain the graph of y = f(x) + c,

shift the graph of y = f(x) a distance c units

upward.
 To obtain the graph of y = f(x) - c,

shift the graph of y = f(x)

a distance c units downward.
 SHIFTING
 To obtain the graph of y = f(x - c), shift the graph of y = f(x) a distance
c units to the right.

 To obtain the graph of y = f(x + c), shift the graph of y = f(x) a

distance c units to the left.
 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS

Label the following graph from the graph of the function y=f(x)
shown in the part (a)

y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?

 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS

Label the following graph from the graph of the function y x

shown in the part (a):

y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?

 y  x 2 by shifting 2 units downward.

 y  x2 by shifting 2 units to the right.
 TRANSFORMATIONS
How about the case c<1?
•Suppose c > 1.

 To obtain the graph of y = cf(x),

stretch the graph of y = f(x)

vertically by a factor of c.

 To obtain the graph of y = (1/c)f(x),

compress the graph of y = f(x) vertically
by a factor of c.
 TRANSFORMATIONS
 In order to obtain the graph of y = f(cx),
compress the graph of y = f(x) horizontally by a
factor of c.

 To obtain the graph

of y = f(x/c), stretch
the graph of y = f(x)
horizontally by a factor
of c.
 TRANSFORMATIONS

 In order to obtain the graph of y = -f(x),

reflect the graph of y = f(x) about the x-axis.

 To obtain the graph

of y = f(-x), reflect
the graph of y = f(x)
about the y-axis.
 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS

Label the following graph from the graph of the function y x

shown in the part (a):
y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?
 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD FUNCTIONS

Label the following graph from the graph of the function y  shown
x
in the part (a):
y=f(x)-2, y=f(x-2), y=-f(x), y=2f(x), y=f(-x)?

 y x by reflecting about the x-axis.

y2 x by stretching vertically by a factor of 2.
 y  x by reflecting about the y-axis
 TRANSFORMATIONS

• The figure illustrates these stretching

• transformations when applied to the cosine
• function with c = 2.
 Example 5
Suppose that the graph of f is given.
Describe how the graph of the function f(x-2)+2 can be obtained from
the graph of f.
Select the correct answer.
a. Shift the graph 2 units to the left and 2 units down.

b. Shift the graph 2 units to the right and 2 units down.

c. Shift the graph 2 units to the right and 2 units up.

d. Shift the graph 2 units to the left and 2 units up.

e. none of these

Answer: c
Example 5
Explain how the following graphs are obtained from the graph of f(x)

f  x  4
f x  3
f  x  2  3

f  x  5  4
Thanks