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Introduction To Syntax

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11 views

Introduction To Syntax

Uploaded by

namakumaruf01
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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I N T R OD U C T I O N T O

SYNTAX
WHAT IS MEANT BY SYNTAX?

TERMINOLOGICALLY, SYNTAX CAN BE ANALYZED IN TEH FOLLOWING WAY:


“SYN” DERIVED FROM LATIN, LATIN TOOK IT FROM THE GREEK PREPOSITION “SUN” MEANS “TOGETHER”
“TAX” DERIVED FROM GREEK ROOT MEANS “TO PUT IN ORDER”, AS A WHOLE MEANS “PUTTING THINGS
TOGETHER IN AN ORDERLY MANNER”
• SYNTAX HAS TO DO WITH HOW WORDS ARE PUT TOGETHER TO BUILD PHRASES, WITH HOW PHRASES
ARE PUT TOGETHER TO BUILD CLAUSES OR BIGEGR PHRASES, AND WITH HOW CLAUSES ARE PUT
TOGETHER TO BUILD SENTENCES
• ONE OF THE MAIN ROLES OF SYNTAX IS TO ANALYZE THE STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE IN ORDER TO
DISCOVER THE HIDDEN MEANINGS.
GOALS OF SYNTAX

• TO HELP US TO ILLUSTRATE THE PATTERNS OF ENGLISH MORE EFFECTIVELY AND CLEARLY


• TO ENABLE US TO ANALYZE THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SENTENCES IN A SYSTEMATIC AND EXPLICIT WAY
• TO HELP STUDENTS ENHANCE THEIR ENGLISH IN A SYSTEMATIC AND SCIENTIFIC WAY
SYNTAX RULES FOR THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

• A SENTENCE MUST CONTAIN A SUBJECT AND A VERB, AND THE ORDER OF THOSE TWO PARTS OF SPEECH
MUST BE SUBJECT-VERB (S-V)

• EXAMPLE: JOHN LOVES SANDRA


• SUBJECTS AND VERBS MUST AGREE (MATCH) IN NUMBER. IF THE SUBJECT IS SINGULAR, THE VERB MUST
ALSO BE IN SINGULAR FORM. IF THE SUBJECT IS PLURAL, THE VERB MUST BE IN PLURAL FORM

• EXAMPLE: HE DRIVES TOO FAST


• VERB TENSES MUST BE CONSISTENT THROUGHOUT THE PARAGRAPH AND/OR DOCUMENT
• EXAMPLE:
• JOHN AND ANDREW LISTENED TO HIP-HOP MUSIC AND PRACTICE THEIR DANCE MOVES (INCORRECT)
• JOHN AND ANDREW LISTENED TO HIP-HOP MUSIC AND PRACTICED THEIR DANCE MOVES
• A SENTENCE MUST BEGIN WITH A CAPITAL LETTER AND END WITH ONE OF THESE PUNCTUATION MARKS:
PERIOD, QUESTION MARK, EXCLAMATION POINT, FULLSTP)
• PREPOSITIONS ARE WORDS USED ONLY WITH NOUNS OR PRONOUNS TO FORM A PHRASE. PREPOSITIONS
SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NOUNS IN THE SENTENCE
SYNTAX???

• SYNTAX IS STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR


• STUDY OF HOW WORDS ARE COMBINED TOGETHER
• CONSIDERING AN AREA WHICH STUDIES THE FORMATION OF PHRASES,
CLAUSES, AND SENTENCES
SYNTACTIC THEORY

• IS ABOUT THE RULES AND PRINCIPLES TO MAKE MEANINGFUL SENTENCES


• SENTENCES ARE NOT JUST THE STRINGS OF WORDS
• THERE ARE STRICT SYNTACTIC RULES ABOUT STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES (HOW TO COMBINE WORDS IN
SPECIFIC WAY TO REACH A CERTAIN MEANING)

• STRUCTURE AT PHRASAL AND SENTENCE LEVEL


PARTS OF SPEECH
• NOUN
• PRONOUN
• ADJECTIVE
• VERB
• ADVERB
• PREPOSITION
• CONJUNCTION
• INTERJECTION
PHRASE STRUCTURE
• WE HAVE RULES IN SYNTAX ABOUT WORD CLASSES CAN PATTER TOGETHER IN PHRASES
• NP - (DET) N
• THIS MEANS THAT NOUN PHRASES CAN BE MADE UP OF DETERMINERS AND NOUNS. DETERMINERS ARE
OPTIONAL

• EXAMPLE : THE GIRL


• THE PHRASE CONTAIN A N AND ALSO HAS A DETERMINER
PHRASES

• NOUN PHRASE (NP) -- THE CAR, A CLEVER STUDENT


• VERB PHRASE (VP) --- STUDY HARD, PLAY THE GUITAR
• PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (PP) --- IN THE CLASS, ABOVE THE EARTH
• ADJECTIVE PHRASE (AP) --- VERY TALL, QUITE CERTAIN
• ADVERB PHRASE (ADVP) --- QUITE HAPPY
NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES

• NP -- (DET) N (PP)


• PP --- P NP
VERB PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
SENTENCE
• THIS ALLOWS US TO BUILD UP SENTENCES FROM PHRASES
• IF WE WANT TO ANALYZE THE SENTENCE “THE CAT SAT ON THE MAT”, WE LOOK AT THE INTERNAL PHRASES
• THE CAT SAT ON THE MAT
• DET N V P DET N
• NP VP PP NP

• HOWEVER, THERE ARE RULES IN SYNTAX ABOUT WHAT ORDER THESE INTERACT IN
• THE CHILDREN PUT THE TOY IN THE BOX
Thank you......

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