ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

(ST-507)

BY
DR. IFFAT SIDDIQUE

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

LAHORE-PAKISTAN
STIFFNESS
• Consider a spring with load “P”
• For each value of Load , displacement “u” will be changed
and if both the values are plotted then we may obtain the
relation in the form of a graph as shown.
• The slope of this graph can be obtained as follows:

• Or P = Ku

• The spring stiffness “K” may be defined as:

“ Force required for the unit deformation of the spring”.

• The stiffness has a unit of force per unit elongation.
FORCE METHOD

Back Ground of Force method

• Originally Developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 and later
refined by Mohr and Heinrich.
• It was the first method of analysis for SIS structures.
• Since compatibility forms the basis of this method hence it is
also known as compatibility method or method of consistent
deformations or displacements.
FORCE METHOD
Method of analysis

• During analysis of SIS structures following are required

• Equilibrium satisfaction
• Compatibility satisfaction
• Force displacement relationship
• Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure at rest.
• Compatibility is satisfied when various segments of the structure fit together without intentional breaks or
overlaps.
• Force displacement relationship depends upon the way on which material behaves. Since our material is
elastic or we are developing the equations for elastic limit of our structure
FORCE METHOD
Method of analysis

• During analysis of SIS structures following are required

• Equilibrium satisfaction
• Compatibility satisfaction
• Force displacement relationship
• Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure at rest.
• Compatibility is satisfied when various segments of the structure fit together without intentional breaks or
overlaps.
• Force displacement relationship depends upon the way on which material behaves. Since our material is
elastic or we are developing the equations for elastic limit of our structure
FORCE METHOD
• This method includes at first writing force-displacement relationship and then satisfying the equilibrium
requirements for the structure.
• The unknowns in the equations are displacements.
• Once displacements are obtained, the forces are determined from force-displacement and compatibility
equations.
FORCE METHOD

General Procedure for vertical force as redundant

• Consider the beam shown in figure (a)
• There are four unknown reactions.
• The beam has DOI=4-3 = 1°
• In order to analyze this structure principle of superposition
will be used as follows.
• Choose one of the unknown reaction as redundant and
temporarily remove its effect from the beam to make it
Statically determinate structure as shown in figure-(b) and
termed as “Primary structure”.
• When the support is removed at joint B, it will cause
deflection “ΔB” or δBB
• On the other hand when the redundant force “By” is applied
as shown in fig-(c) it will cause upward deflection “Δ’BB” i.e.
deflection at joint “B” due to redundant force at “B”.
FORCE METHOD

• Using figures “b” and “c”, the compatibility condition at

support “B” can be written as follows

• Where

• The first equation can be modified as follows

• Where fBB is a measure of deflection per unit force

obtained using figure – d using unit force method.

Therefore
• Hence the unknown force will be obtained using above
equation in the following form.
• where &
FORCE METHOD

General Procedure for Moment Redundant

• Consider the beam shown in figure (a)
• There are four unknown reactions.
• The beam has DOI=4-3 = 1°
• In order to analyze this structure principle of superposition
will be used as follows.
• Choose one of the unknown reaction as redundant and
temporarily remove its effect from the beam to make it
Statically determinate structure as shown in figure-(b) and
termed as “Primary structure”.
• When the fixed support is removed at joint A, it will cause
rotation under load “P” as “θA”
• On the other hand when the redundant force “MA” is
applied as shown in fig-(c) it will cause CCW rotation “θ’AA”
i.e. rotation at joint “A” due to redudant moment at “A”.
FORCE METHOD

• Using figures “b” and “c”, the compatibility condition at

support “B” can be written as follows

• Where

• The first equation can be modified as follows

• Where αA is a measure of angular displacement per unit

moment obtained using figure – d using unit force
method.
• Hence the unknown force will be obtained using above
equation in the following form.
FORCE METHOD

DOI>1
• Consider the given example with DOI=2.
• Primary Structure will be Statically
determinate shown in “b”.
• Two unknown reactions “By or VB” and “Cy
or VC” are drawn separately as shown in
figure “c” and “d”.
• Compatibility condition is written as
follows.
FORCE METHOD
Maxwell Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements
• When Maxwell published his work on Force method, at the same
time he also introduced the theorem of Reciprocal displacements.
• It relates flexible coefficients of any two points on an elastic
structure i.e. for truss, beams and frames.
“The displacement of a point “B” on a structure due to a unit
load acting at point “A” is equal to the displacement of point “A” when
the unit load is acting at point “B”

• Similarly for rotationsαBA= αAB

 FORCE METHOD

Maxwell Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements P 1.0 KN

A B C

δCB
• Consider the example.

• Apply any load at B and compute deflection at C using

unit load.

1.0 KN P
• Or Apply the same load at “C” and compute deflection 2m 2m
A C
at “B”. B
δBC
FORCE METHOD

Maxwell Theorem of
Reciprocal Displacements
1.0 KN

A B C
• Similarly Only for unit load, fCB
calculate the flexiblity
coefficients at “C” and “B”.
• From numerical results we may
conclude that 1.0 KN
2m 2m
A B C
fBC
FORCE METHOD
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FORCE METHOD

Problem-1
• Analyze the given beam using Redundant at “B”. Also draw
the shear force and the bending moment diagrams.

Note:- Either assume the direction of unknown force and write

compatibility condition by yourself and use absolute values for ∆ BB or fBB
Or consider all the deformations in the positive direction and let the sign
of ∆BB or fBB to decide about the direction of reaction.
FORCE METHOD

Problem-2
• Analyze the given beam using Redundant at “A”. Also draw
the shear force and the bending moment diagrams.
FORCE METHOD

Problem-3 & 4
• Analyze the given beam. Also draw the shear force and the
bending moment diagrams.

P kN 100 kN

A B C
L/2 L/2 A B C
4m 4m 8m

5P/16
11P/16 21.875 kN 14.06 kN
64.06 kN

Support “B” settles 40mm

E= 200x106 kN/m2
I =500x10-6 m4
FORCE METHOD

Problem-5
Analyze the given frame. Also draw the shear force and the
bending moment diagrams.
96 kN

B C Take Hd, Vd and Md

2Ic
3m
5m
as Redundant
PL/8
48 kN
Ic Ic EI=Constant
4.5m
D
27.353KN
A
20.647KN

52.68KN-m 65.26KN-m
43.055KN 52.945KN
FORCE METHOD

Problem-6
Analyze the given frame. Also draw the shear force and the
bending moment diagrams.

Take MA as Redundant
FORCE METHOD

Problem-7
Analyze the given frame. Also draw the shear force and the
bending moment diagrams.
6m
B C
2Ic
5m
Take Hd, Vd and Md
7.5 m
Ic
as Redundant
Ic
D EI=80,000 kN-m2
A
3.3405KN
0.002 Radian
3.3405 KN Vertical displacement = 15mm
4.6802KN

1.965 kN-m
4.6802KN
FORCE METHOD

Problem-8
Analyze the given frame. Also draw the shear force and the
bending moment diagrams.
80 kN

B 2m 4m Take Hd ,Vd & Md as

C
Ic Redundant
30 kN/ m 8m
8m
EI=Constant
Ic Ic

A D
FORCE METHOD

Problem-9 & 10
Analyze the given frames. Also draw the shear force and the
bending moment diagrams.

Prob-9 Prob-10
FORCE METHOD

Problem-11 & 12
Analyze the given frames. Also draw the shear force and the
bending moment diagrams.

Prob-11 Prob-12

1.965 kN-m
4.6802KN
FORCE METHOD

Problem-13 & 14
Analyze the given frames. Also draw the shear force and the
bending moment diagrams.

Prob-13 Prob-14 Consider supports at

“A” and “B” are hinged.