Microprocessor Systems I 1

Programming the Z80 MPU
To create a program that will execute on the Z80 MPU, we need to know several things. 1. The Programming Model which includes The Instruction Set , Register Set and the Addressing Modes . 2. The System Memory Map :- This gives information regarding the address locations and sizes of the Memory (RAM & ROM) and the I/O devices
Microprocessor Systems I 1
ROM: contains program, constants, lookup tables RAM: contains variables and data structures I/O : Input Output device/s location/s
Microprocessor Systems I
3. The Development Tools to allow the creation of a machine readable program 4. Finally, the problem , a description program that we want to implement. Once we have an idea of what we are trying achieve, then we can design a program to this.
(MicroBook Page 100)
In the previous lectures we have introduced the basic concepts of how a general MPU operates. These next lectures will specifically with the Z80 MPU. The lectures will introduce the following 1. INSTRUCTION SET and ADDRESSING MODES 2. INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
Refresher
MPU instructions are represented by binary words. Each instruction has an unique binary pattern. MPU executes program one instruction at a time. ( FETCH DECODE EXECUTE )
MPU Instruction Set: The MPU is only capable of performing a limited number of instructions , this is its instruction set. Zilog Z80 MPU can execute 158 different instructions types. The types of instructions a MPU can perform may be generally classified as follows
Instruction
Assembler Format
LD A, ( 1825H)
Data to use in the process
Operator Opcode Hex Code : 3A
Process to carry out
Operand(s) 1825
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Data Transfer Operations Arithmetic Operations Logical Operations Program Flow Control Input - Output Miscellaneous
Data Transfer
LD A, 5 transfer constant data 5 into Accumulator

LD HL, 1900 HL loaded with 1900H
Arithmetic Operations
ADD A,5 SUB 5 add constant 5 to Accumulator subtract 5 from the Accumulator
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Logical Operations
OR 0FH bitwise OR of Acc with constant 0FH AND 0FH bitwise AND of Acc with constant 0FH Program Flow Control JP Z,0200H JP NZ,0200H JP C,0200H JP NC,0200H DJNZ 0200H ;THIS OPCODE USES REGISTER B
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Z80 Instruction Set Uses the following Categories to group its operations
Load and Exchange Block Transfer and Search Arithmetic and Logical Rotate and Shift Bit Manipulation (Set, Reset, Test) Jump, Call, and Return Input/Output Basic CPU Control
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Addressing Modes
Most Z80 Instructions operate on Data stored in
1. Internal Registers ( A,F,B,C,D,E,H,L,SP, e.t.c.) 2. External Memory 3. In I/O Ports For all these Data movement operations, the instruction ( the op-code + operands) must contain information relating to
1. Source of Data (Is it Register,Memory or I/O ?) 2. Destination of Data (Register,Memory or I/O ?)
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Instructing the MPU as to the Data source and the Data Destination is called the ADDRESSING MODE. MPU generally have a variety of ADDRESSING modes The Z80 supports 10. The Instruction Format is as follows
SPECIFIES OPERATION
SPECIFIES DATA VALUES OR ADDRESS OF DATA 15
The Z80 Instruction Set Contains Operations described with the following 3 instruction formats 1. Single Byte Op-code Only 2. Two Bytes Op-code + 1 Operand 3. Three Bytes Op-code + 2 Operands
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Reading Mnemonic
16 Bit Load Operation

DEST SRC
LD
HL
DE
OPERAND2 (Reg, Mem , I/O ) (Reg , Mem , I/O )
OPCODE OPERAND1 DEST = DESTINATION SRC = SOURCE
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Z80 Addressing Modes Ref. Microprocessor Systems Chapter 3 Pg. 63 - 69 1. Register Addressing (Implied, Implicit) Instruction execution involves only contents of registers for source and destination. No memory address need be generated LD A,B LD BC,DE ADD A,C SINGLE BYTE INSTRUCTION FORMAT
Special Case OR 45 means OR ACC with 45
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2. Immediate Addressing
In this mode the data required by the instruction is available immediately the full instruction has been read. 2 BYTE and 3 BYTE INSTRUCTION FORMAT
OPCODE followed by DATA Byte(s). Data is often called LITERAL,(meaning a quantity itself)
LD ADD LD OR B,34H A,0EAH BC,1850H 02H 2 BYTE FORMAT OPCODE + OPERAND 3 BYTE FORMAT OPCODE+OPR1+OPR2
3. Direct Addressing (Also called Absolute)

This mode the instruction OP-CODE is followed by a 2 byte (16 bit) Address. The Address is the exact address of the data item. The Address is a constant since it is contained within the program LD (1234),A IN A,(FA)
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4.Indirect Addressing In this case the instruction does not give the address directly but instead the location of the address. This location may be another memory location or a register.
If the location is in memory the addressing mode is called Memory Indirect.

If the location is in a register it is called Register Indirect. LD (HL),A ADD A,(DE)
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5. Index Addressing Using Index Register + an Offset to Specify data Index registers IX and IY (16 bit registers) LD A,(IX + 0) ; address formed from IX contents + 0h 6. Relative Addressing In this mode , the byte following the instruction op-code specifies a 2s complement displacement value. The 2s complement value is added to the PC to enable forwards and backwards jumps in the program.
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1850 1852
JR RST
NZ,0FBH 38H 1111 1011 0000 0100 1s complement 0000 0101 2s complement 5 DECIMAL FB = -5 DECIMAL
0FBH means
IF when executing the jr instruction the Z is still set the PC counter will be altered to jump back five places to location 184DH NB. The PC will be pointing the next instruction location 1852H , therefore 1852H - 5H = 184DH
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Why do we need different Addressing Modes ? Read Discussion on Page 70. Register Addressing Reduces external Bus access.
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Introducing Assembly Language Programming

The section deals with the creation of programs that will execute on the Z80. The programs will initially be hand assembled. These result hex numbers , representing the program will be entered, by hand into MPU memory system. Later development tools such as a PC based Z80 cross-assembler and Z80 simulator will be used to develop and debug larger programs. The following pages show a typical Z80 program with its Listing and Hex Files.
org $0 jp start
start
loop
org ld ld xor ld inc dec jr rst end
$1800 hl,$1850 b,$20 a (hl),a hl b nz,loop $38

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AS80 Assembler for i8080 [1.31]. Page 1 --------------------------------- FIRST.ASM --------------------------------12 lines read, no errors in pass 1. 0000 = org $0 0000 : c30018 jp start
1800 = 1800 : 215018 1803 : 0620 1805 : af 1806 : 77 1807 : 23 1808 : 05 1809 : 20fb 180b : ff No errors in pass 2.
org start ld xor loop inc dec jr rst
$1800 ld hl,$1850 b,$20 a ld (hl),a hl b nz,loop $38
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:03000000C3001822 :0C1800002150180620AF77230520FBFFC5 :00000001FF
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Programming the Z80 MPU

(MicroBook Page 100)

Data to use in the process

Operator Opcode Hex Code : 3A

Process to carry out

LD A, 5 transfer constant data 5 into Accumulator

SPECIFIES DATA VALUES OR ADDRESS OF DATA 15

16 Bit Load Operation

OPCODE OPERAND1 DEST = DESTINATION SRC = SOURCE

Special Case OR 45 means OR ACC with 45

3. Direct Addressing (Also called Absolute)

If the location is in memory the addressing mode is called Memory Indirect.

Introducing Assembly Language Programming

org ld ld xor ld inc dec jr rst end

$1800 hl,$1850 b,$20 a (hl),a hl b nz,loop $38

org start ld xor loop inc dec jr rst

$1800 ld hl,$1850 b,$20 a ld (hl),a hl b nz,loop $38

:03000000C3001822 :0C1800002150180620AF77230520FBFFC5 :00000001FF

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