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    Flat Plate Drag

    Uploaded by

    stathiss11
    The document discusses various topics related to drag and lift forces on flat plates, cylinders, spheres, and airfoil shapes. It covers how boundary layer type (laminar or turbulent) affects the friction coefficient on flat plates and bluff bodies. For airfoils, it describes how lift is generated and how it is affected by angle of attack, camber, thickness, and spin or rotation.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Flat Plate Drag

    Uploaded by

    stathiss11
    207 views15 pages
    The document discusses various topics related to drag and lift forces on flat plates, cylinders, spheres, and airfoil shapes. It covers how boundary layer type (laminar or turbulent) affects the friction coefficient on flat plates and bluff bodies. For airfoils, it describes how lift is generated and how it is affected by angle of attack, camber, thickness, and spin or rotation.

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    15698_20080506135629

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    The document discusses various topics related to drag and lift forces on flat plates, cylinders, spheres, and airfoil shapes. It covers how boundary layer type (laminar or turbulent) affects the friction coefficient on flat plates and bluff bodies. For airfoils, it describes how lift is generated and how it is affected by angle of attack, camber, thickness, and spin or rotation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    207 views15 pages

    Flat Plate Drag

    Uploaded by

    stathiss11
    The document discusses various topics related to drag and lift forces on flat plates, cylinders, spheres, and airfoil shapes. It covers how boundary layer type (laminar or turbulent) affects the friction coefficient on flat plates and bluff bodies. For airfoils, it describes how lift is generated and how it is affected by angle of attack, camber, thickness, and spin or rotation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 15

    Flat Plate Drag

    Drag on flat plate is solely due to friction created by laminar, transitional, and turbulent boundary layers.

    Flat Plate Drag


    Local friction coefficient
    Laminar:
    Turbulent:

    Average friction coefficient


    Laminar: Turbulent:

    For some cases, plate is long enough for turbulent flow, but not long enough to neglect laminar portion

    Effect of Roughness
    Similar to Moody Chart for pipe flow Laminar flow unaffected by roughness Turbulent flow significantly affected: Cf can increase by 7x for a given Re

    Cylinder and Sphere Drag

    Cylinder and Sphere Drag


    Flow is strong function of Re. Wake narrows for turbulent flow since TBL (turbulent boundary layer) is more resistant to separation due to adverse pressure gradient. sep,lam 80 sep,lam 140

    Effect of Surface Roughness

    Lift
    Lift is the net force (due to pressure and viscous forces) perpendicular to flow direction. Lift coefficient

    A=bc is the planform area

    Computing Lift
    Potential-flow approximation gives accurate CL for angles of attack below stall: boundary layer can be neglected. Thin-foil theory: superposition of uniform stream and vortices on mean camber line. Java-applet panel codes available online: http://www.aa.nps.navy.mil/~jones/online _tools/panel2/ Kutta condition required at trailing edge: fixes stagnation pt at TE.

    Effect of Angle of Attack


    Thin-foil theory shows that CL2 for < stall Therefore, lift increases linearly with Objective for most applications is to achieve maximum CL/CD ratio. CD determined from windtunnel or CFD (BLE or NSE). CL/CD increases (up to order 100) until stall.

    Effect of Foil Shape


    Thickness and camber influences pressure distribution (and load distribution) and location of flow separation. Foil database compiled by Selig (UIUC) http://www.aae.uiuc.e du/m-selig/ads.html

    Effect of Foil Shape


    Figures from NPS airfoil java applet. Color contours of pressure field Streamlines through velocity field Plot of surface pressure Camber and thickness shown to have large impact on flow field.

    End Effects of Wing Tips


    Tip vortex created by leakage of flow from highpressure side to lowpressure side of wing. Tip vortices from heavy aircraft persist far downstream and pose danger to light aircraft. Also sets takeoff and landing separation at busy airports.

    End Effects of Wing Tips


    Tip effects can be reduced by attaching endplates or winglets. Trade-off between reducing induced drag and increasing friction drag. Wing-tip feathers on some birds serve the same function.

    Lift Generated by Spinning

    Superposition of Uniform stream + Doublet + Vortex

    Lift Generated by Spinning


    CL strongly depends on rate of rotation. The effect of rate of rotation on CD is small. Baseball, golf, soccer, tennis players utilize spin. Lift generated by rotation is called The Magnus Effect.

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