Chapter 2

Geometry of high way curve

1
AN EDUSAT LECTURE ON

LECTURE ON

CURVES BY:

Tola Aliy (MSC)

.
2
and Kedir
 CURVES

Geometric design referred the design of the road using

the concept of mathematical geometry for designing
the road.
The alignment of the high way, rail way, canal or route
are made up of series of straigaht lines and curve.
The straight portion or alignment are called tangents.
The series of arcs are used to connect this tangents
called curves
Curves are laid out on the ground along the centre line of
the the road.

CURVES 3
 NEED OF PROVIDING CURVES
Curves are needed on Highways, railways and canals
for bringing about gradual change of direction of
motion which is comfortable and easily negotiable.
Generally they are provided for following reasons:-
i) To bring about gradual change in direction of
motion.
ii) To bring about gradual change in grade and for
good visibility.
iii)To alert driver so that he may not fall asleep.
iv) To layout Canal alignment.
v) To control erosion of canal banks by the thrust of
flowing water in a canal.
CURVES 4
 Types of curves

Curves may be circular or parabolic therefore, Curves

are generally arcs of parabolas
Based on their objectives two types curve are there:
HORIZONTAL CURVES
Curves provided in the horizontal plane to obtain the
gradual change in direction.
VERTICAL CURVES
Curves provided in the vertical plane to obtain the
gradual change in grade.

CURVES 5
 Generally classification of curves
Curves

Vertical Horizonta
l Spira
Circular
sag crest l

Compound Reverse
simple

6
 CLASSIFICATION OF Horizontal CURVES

Horizontal curves are classified as :

(i) Simple Curves.
(ii) Compound Curves.
(iii) Reverse Curve
(iv) spiral Curves.

CURVES 7
 Simple circular curve
.

Fig. 3. A SIMPLE CURVE

A simple curve Consists of a single arc of circle

connecting two straights.
It has radius of the same magnitude throughout.

8
NAMES OF VARIOUS PARTS OF CURVE
B’

I
F
T1 E T2

A C

R φ/2
φ

Fig. 8 SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE

CURVES 9
 NAMES OF VARIOUS PARTS OF CURVE

(i) The two straight lines AI and IB which are

connected by the curve are called the tangents
or straights to the curve.
(ii)Point of Intersection (PI). is the point where the
back(first tangent) and forward(second tangent )
tangents intersect is called intersection point or the
vertex.
(iii) The points ( T1 and T2 ) at which the curve
touches the tangents are called the tangent points.
The beginning of the curve(T1)is called the point of
curvature and the end of the curve (T2) is called
CURVES 10
Write the appropriate name of the parts of a simple circular curve in the given boxes provided
on the following Fig

11
 NAMES OF VARIOUS PARTS OF CURVE
(iv)The angle between the lines AI and IB

( AIB) is called the angle of intersection ().

└
(v)The angle by which the forward tangent deflects
from the rear tangent is called the deflection
angle () of the curve.
(vi) The distance from the point of intersection to
the tangent point is called tangent length ( IT1
and IT2).
(Vii)The line joining the two tangent points (T 1
and T2) is known as the long chord.
CURVES 12
(Viii)The arc T1CT2 is called the length of curve.
(ix)The distance from the point of intersection to
the mid point of length of the curve is called the
apex distance( external distance).
(x) The distance between the apex of the curve
and the mid point of the long chord (CD) is
called mid ordinate .
(xi) The angle subtended at the centre of the curve
by the arc T1OT2 is known as central angle and
is equal to the deflection angle () .

CURVES 13
 R/N Ship Elements of a Simple Circular Curve
(i) Angle of intersection +Deflection angle = 180 0.
or  +  = 1800

(ii) T1OT2 = 1800 -  = 

└
i.e the central angle = deflection angle.
(iii)Tangent length from triangle OT1I
tan /2 = T/R
T = R tan /2
(iv) Length of long chord from  ODT2
sin /2 = 0.5C/R
C =2R sin /2
CURVES 14
(v) Length of curve = Length of arc T1CT2
= R X  (in radians)
= πR /1800
(vi) Apex distance from  OIT2 Cos  /2
E = R sec. /2 - R
E = R (sec. /2 -1)
(Vii) MID ORDINATE from  ODT2 Cos  /2
R-M =R Cos  /2
M= R-R Cos  /2
M= R(1-Cos  /2)
(viii) Station OF PC = station of PI – T
(ix) Station OF PT = station of PC+ L
15
 DESIGNATION OF CURVE
A curve may be designated either by the radius or
by degree of curve (D) which is an angle subtended
at the centre by a chord of particular length.
To have a radius of a curve:
 calculate the radius using design speed and
comparing with recommended result by local
authority take the safe radius between the two
result and
 calculate the radius by using degree of curvature

CURVES 16
 To have degree of the curve
• The degree of a curve defines the sharpness or flatness of
the curve that can be defined based on either an arc or a
chord.
• According to the arc definition, the degree of a curve is
defined as the central angle subtended by an arc of 30 or 20
m length.
• This definition is used primarily for highways.
• Notice that the larger the degree of curve the sharper the
curve and the shorter the radius.
• The chord definition is used primarily for civilian railroad
construction and is used by the military for both roads and
railroads.
06/13/2024 17
 RELATION between the Radius of curve and Degree of Curve.
Arc definition If R is the radius of a
curve and D is its degree for a 30m
arc, then
RD

 30 R
1718.9 1719

180 D D
Chord definition. For a 30m chord, from triangle OT1M

(Exact)

((Approximate)
 This relation holds good up to 50 curves. For higher degree
curves the exact relation should be used.
CURVES 18
 METHODS OF CURVE RANGING
A curve may be set out.
(1) By linear Methods, where chain and tape are used.
Linear methods are used when:
 A high degree of accuracy is not required and
 the curve is short.
(2)ByAngular or instrumental methods, where a theodolite
with or without a chain is used.
Note:. Before starting setting out a curve by any method, the
exact positions of the tangents points between which the
curve lies, must be determined(point of curvature and point of
tangency).

CURVES 19
 a) By linear methods
• The various linear methods of setting out a simple
circular curve are:

i. offsets from the long chord

ii. perpendicular offsets from the tangent

iii. radial offsets from the tangent

06/13/2024 20
i) offsets from the long chord
Let it be required to set out a curve T1CT2 between the two
intersecting straights T1I and T2I (see following figure).

In triangle OP’G
PO 2  PG 2  OG 2
y m
or OG  PO  PG
2 2 2

OG  R 2  x 2 : But, OG  OD  DG and OD =R-M

Where m is mid ordinate and R is radius of Curve x is distance
The required offset DG  OG  OD

Hence, DG  R 2  x 2  R  m  ,

or O y  R 2  x 2  R  m 
06/13/2024 21
 PERPENDICULAR OFFSETS FROM THE TANGENT.
•This method is suitable for small values of the radius, length of
curve and deflection angle. Ox is offset perpendicular to the tangent

at a distance x from the point of curve T1,

In the triangle OEP oy
oy
PO 2  OE 2 PE 2 ,
R 2  R  O y   x 2 ,
2
or

or R  O  
y R2  x2 ,

Oy  R  R2  x2

06/13/2024 22
 RADIAL OFFSETS FROM THE TANGENT.
• Ox is the radial offset PP' at any distance x
along the tangent from T1
From the triangle OT1P
OP 2  OT1  T1 P 2 ,
2

R  Ox 2  R 2  x 2 ,

R  Ox  R 2  x 2 ,
Ox  R 2

 x2  R , (exact expression)
x2
or Ox  . (approximate expression)
2R

06/13/2024 23
 example
It is required to set out a curve of radius 100 m with pegs
at approximately 10 m centers. The deflection angle is 60°.
Draw up the data necessary for setting out the curve by
offsets from long chord.

06/13/2024 24
b) By angular methods:
• The following angular methods are commonly
used for setting out curves.
i. Rankine's method of deflection angle
(one-theodolite method)
ii. Two-theodolite method

06/13/2024 25
 i) one-theodolite method

•This method is useful for setting out a circular curve of

long length and of large radius. It yields good results
except when the chords are long as compared to the
radius, so that the variation between the length of an arc
and its chord becomes considerable. It is quite accurate
and is frequently used on highways and railways .

26
In Fig. 3.5, T1 is the P.C., a, b, c, etc. are the points on the curve; , , ,etc.
are the respective deflection angles between the chords and the
respective tangents at T1, a, b, etc.; , , etc. are the total deflection angles
to the points a, b, c, etc.
From the property of a circle that the angle subtended by a chord at the
centre is twice the angle between the tangent and the chord. Then.
A fundamental theorem of geometry helpful in circular curve
computation and stakeout is that the angle at a point between a tangent
and any chord is equal to half the central angle subtended by the chord
27
 T1Oa  2  IT1 a  2 1
Now R  2 1  T1 a  C1
C1 C1 180 
Or  1  radians, Or  1   degrees,
2R 2R 
C1 90  C1 180 
Or  1   degrees Or  1    60 minu
R  2R 
C1
i.e.  1  1718.9 minutes,
R
C2 C3
Similarly,  2  1718.9 minutes,  3  1718.9 minutes
R R
• C1 first subchord (distance from T1 to a)
• C2 full subchord any distance b/n c1 and c3
• C3 last subchord (distance from last pt to Pt)
28
 ii) Two-theodolite method
• This method is most convenient when the ground is
undulating, rough and not suitable for linear
measurements.
• In this method, two theodolites are used and linear
measurements are completely eliminated.
• Hence, this is the most accurate method.
• It is based on the principle that the angle between
the tangent and the chord is equal to the angle
subtended by the chord in the opposite segment.

06/13/2024 29
 Cont’d  IT1a   1  aT2T1
 IT1b   2  bT2T1

C1
1  radians,
2R 1 = 1
C1 180 
or 1   degrees,  2  1   2 or  2  1   2
2R 
 3   1   2   3 or  3   2   3
C1 90 
or 1   degrees
R   n   1   2  ....   n or  n   n1   n
C1 180 
or 1    60 minutes, 
2R  Last point of the curve is T2, so that  n  IT1T2 
2
C
i.e.  1  1718.9 1 minutes,
R
C2 C3
Similarly,  2  1718.9
R
minutes,  3  1718.9
R
minutes
06/13/2024 30
Example : A simple circular curve is to have a radius
of 573 m .the tangents intersect at chainage 1060 m
and the angle of intersection is 1200. Find,
(i) Tangent Distance.
(ii) Chainage at beginning and end of the curve.
(iii) Length of the long chord.
(iv) Degree of the curve.
(v) Number of full and sub chords.

Solution: Please see fig.11

Given,
The deflection angle, = 1800 – 1200 =600
Radius of curve = R = 573 m
PTO

CURVES 31
 1060 m 600 = 
1200
330.85

L=600m
729.15 1329.15
T1 T2

R=573m

O
Fig.11

CURVES 32
(i) We know ,tangent length = R tan /2
= 573 x tan 300
= 573x 0.5774
= 330.85 m (Ans.)
(ii) Length of curve is given by: π R 
1800
= π x 573x600
1800
= 600 m (Ans.)
Chainage of first tangent point (T1)
= Chainage of intersection point – tangent length.
= 1060 – 330.85
= 729.15 m (Ans.)
PTO

CURVES 33
(iii) The length of long chord is given by:
L = 2R sin φ /2
= 2 x 573 x sin 300
= 573 m ( Ans.)

(iv) Degree of Curve

We know the relation , R= 1719
D

or D = 1719
R
=30
Therefore , degree of curve is =30 (Ans.)
PTO

CURVES 34
(v) Number of Full and sub chords:
Assuming peg interval =30m
Chainage of T1 = 729.15 m = 729.15 Chain lengths.
30
= 24 full chain lengths + 9.15 m
Chainage of Ist peg on the curve should be 25 full chain lengths.
The length of Ist sub chord= (25+00) – (24 + 9.15)
= 20.85 m
Chainage of T2 = 1329.15 Chain lengths.
30
= 44 full chain lengths + 9.15 m.
Chainage of last peg on the curve =44 full chains.

Therefore length of last sub chord = (44+9.15) – (44+00)

= 9.15m
PTO

CURVES 35
No. Of full chords = chainage of last peg – chainage of Ist peg
= 44 – 25 = 19
So, there will be 19 full chords and two sub chords.
Check:
Length of full chords = 19x30 =570.00m
” ” Ist sub chord = 20.85m
” ” last sub chord = 9.15m

Total length of all chords = 600.00m

(Same as length of curve)

PTO

CURVES 36
 example 2
• Two tangents intersect at chainage 1190 m, the deflection angle
being 36o. Calculate all the data necessary for setting out a curve
with a radius of 300 m by deflection angle method. The peg interval
is 30 m.
• solution  36 
The tangent length T  R tan  300 tan  300 x 0.324920 = 97.48 m.
2 2
R 300  36  
The length of the curve L   188.50m.
180 180
The chainage of the point of intersection = 1190.00 m
Subtract the tangent length = - 97.48 m
 Chainage of the point of tangency T1 = 1092.52 m
Add the Jength of the curve = + 188.50m
 Chainageof the point of tangency T2 = 1281.02m
The length of the first sub-chord =1110- 1092.52 = 17.48 m
The length of the last sub-chord = 1281.02 - 1260.00 = 21.02 m
188.50  17.48  21.02  150
No. of normal chords
06/13/2024 =  5 37
30 30
 Cont..
Calculation of deflection angles :

C1 90 17.48  90
The deflection angle 1     1 40'09"
R  300  
C2 90 30  90
The deflection angles,  2 to  6     251'53"
R  300  
C7 90 21.02  90
The deflection angle 7     200' 26"
R  300  
The total deflection angle 1 = 1° 40' 09"
 2 =1° 40'09" + 2°51'53"= 4° 32' 02"
 3 = 4° 32'02"+ 2° 51'53"= 7° 23' 55"
 4 = 7° 23' 55"+ 2° 51'53"= 10° 15'48"
 5 = 10° 15' 48" + 2° 51' 53"= 13° 07'41"
 6 = 13° 07'41" + 2°51'53" = 15° 59'34"
 7 = 15° 59'34" + 2°00'26" = 18° 00'00"
06/13/2024 38
Check: The total deflection angle for T2  1 1 
Ok
 36  18 00 00
o ' "
 question
• When PC, PI AND PT Is Inaccessible (Falling
In The River) What solution Do You
recommend For Setting Out This Curve.

06/13/2024 39
II) Compound curve
A compound curve is composed of two or more circular arcs of
different radii tangent to each other, with their centers on the
same side of the alignment .
two centered compound curve.

06/13/2024 40
 Elements of compound curve
 = total deflection angle
Applying sine rule to  IKL, we get
1 = deflectionangle IKL
KI IL KL
 
 2 = deflection angle ILK sin  2 sin  1 sin 180   
Rs=radius of arc (small) T1C sin  2 sin  2
or KI  KL   t1  t 2 
RL=radius of arc (large) T2C. sin  sin 
sin  1 sin  1
Ts=total tangent length (small), T1I IL  KL   t1  t 2 
sin  sin 
TL= total tangent length (large), T2I.
Hence, total tangent length Ts  T1 K  KI
Angle T1O1C = 180° - angle T1KC = 1
sin  2
Angle CO2T2 = 180° - angle CLT2 =  2 Ts  t1  t1  t 2 
sin 
T1K = KC = t1 and CL = LT2 = t2 Total tangent length TL  T2 L  LI
KL = t1 + t2 sin  1
TL  t 2  t1  t 2 
t1= Rs tan 1/2 sin 
t2= RL tan 2/2

06/13/2024 41
Relationship between different parts of a compound
curve:
• There are seven essential parts of a two centered
compound curve i.e. , 1 ,  2 , TS , TL , RS and R L
• If any four of these quantities including at least one angle
are known, the remaining quantities may be calculated.
• To achieve better accuracy it is recommended that
compound curves may be set out by the method of
deflection angles, using a theodolite.
06/13/2024 42
Example

Two straights AI and IC whose respective bearings are 60° and 132° interest
at I. Two points P and Q are located on AI and IC respectively such that the
bearing of PQ is 112° and the distance between them is 141.63m.Determine
the length of short tangent of a right handed compound curve having radii
200 m and 250 m respectively, if the point of compound curvature falls on
PQ. If the chainage of 1 is 1000 in, also calculate the chainage of the point
of tangency.

06/13/2024 43
 Solution
The angle of deflection  =Bearing of IC- Bearing of AI =132o-60o=72o
The angle of deflection of the first arc 1 = Bearing of PQ- Bearing of AI =112o-60o=52o

  2    1  72  52  20

RS=200 m; RL=250 m (Given)
1     sin  2
TS  RS tan   RS tan 1  R L tan 2 
2  2 2  sin 

sin 20

 
200 tan 26  200 tan 26  250 tan 10
sin 72


 148.48m. Ans.

RS 1   200  52

Length of the first arc    181.51m
180 180

RS 1   200  52

Length of the first arc    181.51m
180 180

RL  2   250  20

Length of the second arc    87.27 m
180 180

Chainage of point of commencement=Chainage of point of intersection -TS

1000-148.48=851.52 m.

Chainage of point of compound curvature(PCC)

= Chainage of point of commencement+ Length of the first arc

851.52+181.51=1033.03 m.

Chainage of point of tangency= PCC + Length of the second arc

06/13/2024
1033.03+87.27=1120.30 m. Ans 44
 REVERSE CURVE

06/13/2024 45
 iii) Reverse curve
• A reverse curve consists of two circular arcs of same or
different radii having their centers on the opposite sides of
the common tangent at the point of reverse curvature.

Reverse curves are very often used in railway sidings, and sometimes
on roads, and railways tracks designed for low speeds.
Reverse curves should be avoided as far as possible on the highways
and main railway lines where the speed are necessarily high.
06/13/2024 46
Elements of Reverse Curve

• Radii R1 and R2 of two circular arcs

• Angle of total deflection ( ) of the straights
• Angles of deflection  1 ,  2 of the common tangent.
• Angle  1 ,  2 between the straights and the line joining the
points of commencement and tangency (See figure bellow).

It is not possible to determine

the elements of a reverse curve
unless following conditions are
specified.
 R1 and R2 are equal.
 1 and  2 are equal.
 The length of the line joining
the tangent points is known.
06/13/2024 47
When the straights are non-parallel and  1 <  2 CASE I
Point of intersection. It may be obtained by producing the back straight. (Fig. 6.4)
Given Data: The central angle (  1 ,  2 ) and the length (L) of the common tangent BC
Required : To find the length of the common radius R and the chainages of T1,D and C if that of
I is given.
Specified Condition: R=R2=R1
Let BC be the common tangent of length L.
T1B and BD are tangent to the first arc T1D. T2C and DC are tangent to the second arc T2D.
1 
: T1B = BD;CD = CT2. But BD = Rtan and CD = Rtan 2
2 2
1  L
BC = L = Rtan + Rtan 2 R 
2 2 1 
tan  tan 2
2 2
We also know that,  2 = 1 +  ,  =  2 - 1
Applying sine rule to the triangle BCI, we get
BI BC sin  2 sin  2
 or BI  BC L
sin  BCI sin  BIC  
1 sin  2
 T1 I  BT1  BI  R tan L
2 sin 
Chainage of T1 = Chainage of I – TI1
Chainage of D = Chainage of T1 + Length of first arc T1D.
Chainage of T2 = Chainage of D + Length of second arc T2D
06/13/2024 R 1 R 2 48
where arc T1D = 
and T2D = 
180 180
•Exercise Two straights AB and CD both when produced intersect at V. Angle CBV =
30° and angle BCV= 120° . It is proposed to introduce a reverse curve consisting of
two circular arcs AT and TD. T lying, on BC. Length BC is 791.71 in, and radius of
arc A T is 800 m, chainage of B is 1000 m.
•Calculate : (i)Radius of arc TD, (ii)Length of arc AT, (iii)Length of arc TD,
(iv)Chainage of point D.
•Solution

06/13/2024 49
(i) Let the radius of arc TD be R
From triangle O1BT, BT  O1T tan 15  800 tan 15  214.36m
CT  791.71  214.36  577.35m
From triangle O2TC, TC  R tan 30
TC
R  1000m Ans.
tan 30
R1
(ii) Length of arc AT  where 1  30; R  800m
180
  800  30
AT   418.88m Ans.
180
R 2
(iii) Length of arc TВ  where  2  60; R  1000m
180
  1000  60
TВ   1047.20m Ans.
180
(iv) Chainage of point B=1000m (Given)
 Chainage of point A = Chainage of point B-AB=1000-214.36=785.64 m.
Chainage of point T = Chainage of point A+arc AT=785.64+418.88=1204.52 m.
06/13/2024 50
Chainage of point D = Chainage of point T+arc TD=1204.52+1047.20=2251.72 m. Ans
ASSIGNMENT
Derive r/nship b/n element • 2) Case III. When the
of reverse curve straights are parallel
1) Case II. When the two
straights are non-parallel and
1 >  2

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 Transition curve
• It is a curve usually introduced between a simple circular curve and a
straight, or between two simple circular curves.
• It is widely used on highways and railways, since its radius increase or
decreases in a very gradual manner.
• The effect of this is to gradually increase the radial force from zero to its
highest value & there by reduce its effect. From fig below
• T1TD and D’T2 are transition curve
• DD’ is simple circular curve

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* For a Vehicle traveling from TS to SC, the force gradually increases
from zero to its maximum on the circular curve and then from CS to ST
decreases from the maximum to zero again.
This greatly reduces the tendency to skid & reduces the discomfort
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experienced by passengers in the vehicles
 Transition curves advantages:

 Achieve a gradual change of direction from the straight

(radius ∞) to the curve (radius R).

 Permit the gradual application of super-elevation to counteract
centrifugal force and minimize passenger discomfort.
 It avoids the danger of derailment at the point of commencement

if full amount of super-elevation is suddenly applied at the point.

 It avoids over turning and side slipping of the moving vehicles.

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 Super-elevation
• When a vehicle moves from a straight to a curve, it is acted upon by
centrifugal force in addition to its own weight.
• The centrifugal force acts through the centre of gravity horizontally
away from the centre of the curve and tends to push the vehicle off the
track. In order to balance this force, outer edge of highways, is raised
above the inner one.
The raising of the outer edge of the road is called super-elevation or cant,
• The amount of the super - elevation depends on the speed & Radius
• As all the vehicles do not run with the same speed, the average of the
fastest and slowest speeds of the vehicles is used for the purpose of
calculation
06/13/2024 of the required amount of super elevation. 55
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 Length of transition curve
• The transition curve is introduced between a straight and a circular
curve in order to introduce super-elevation gradually from zero at the
point of commencement of the transition curve and the full amount
at the junction of transition curve and the circular curve.
• The length of the transition curve may be calculated from
nh
(1) Definite rate of super-elevation L
100
(2 ) Arbitrary rate of super-elevation in centimeters per second
hv
L
h=superelev x
X=be the time rate ,where x varies from 2.5 to 5.0 cm per second
(3) Definite rate of change of radial acceleration say 0.3m/sec2.
v3
L
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 Elements of transition curve
• To design a transition curve and to calculate the necessary data for its setting out,
one should understand various components of the transition curve.
• Let AK and KC be two straights (tangent)
• , the angle of deflection
t1 ,t2, the points of tangencies of the original curve
T1 , T2 the points of tangencies of transition curve
E, F, the junction points of the transition curves
with the circular curve
• R, the radius of the circular curve
• S, the shift of the circular curve
• , the spiral angle
• O the centre-of the main circular curve

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 r/n ship b/n elements of transition curve
1. The spiral angle. The angle between the back tangent and
tangent at the junction of the transition curve with the
L
circular curve, is called spiral angle. 
2R
radian

2 Shift. The distance through which main circular curve is

shifted inward to accommodate the transition curve, is known
L2
as shift. Its value is S
24 R
i. e. the shift of the main curve is directly proportional to the
square of the length of the transition curve and inversely
proportional to the radius of the circular curve.

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 1. Chainages of main points of the curve.
(1)The chainage at the point of commencement (T1) of the combined curve
= the chainage at the point of intersection (K) - total tangent length.
(2)The chainage at the first junction point (E)
= Chainage at the point of commencement (T1) + length of the transition curve (L).
(3)The chainage at the second junction point (F)
.= chainage of the first junction point (E) + length of the circular curve.
(4) The chainage at the point of tangency (T2)
= chainage of the second junction point (F) + length of the transition curve (L).
Check : The chainage at the point of tangency (T2) must be equal to the chainage at the point o
 R  2  
commencement (T1) + length of the combined curve i.e  180   2 L 
 
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.
Exercise Two straights AB and BC intersect at the
chainage 2635.22m, the deflection angle being 48°
24'. It is proposed to insert a circular curve of 300 m
radius with two transition curves, 80 m long at each
end. Calculate the shift of the main curve, the spiral
angle of the transition curve and the chainage at the
point of commencement and point of tangency
Given data : L = 80 m, length of the transition curve
R = 300 m, radius
 = 48° 24', deflection angle of the straights.
2635.22 m = chainage at the point of intersection

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Calculations:
L2
(i)Shift S
24 R
80 2
S  0.888m Ans.
24  300
L
(ii) Spiral angle  radians
2R
80 180
   738'22" Ans.
2  300 
 L
(iii) Total tangent length of the combined curve=(R + S) tan +
2 2
4824' 80
300  0.888 tan   175.22m
2 2
Chainage at the point of intersection = 2635.22 m
Substract the length of total tangent = 175.22 m
 Chainage
06/13/2024 at the point of commencement =2460.00 m. Ans. 64
 METHOD OF SETTING OUT A COMBINED CURVE.
•The setting out of a combined curve is carried out in
two stages: Setting out of transition curves.
• Setting out of circular curve

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Setting out of Transition curves by deflection angles
Knowing the peg interval, total deflection angles for various pegs, may be calculated from the
573l 2

formula RL minutes. The data can be tabulated

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If u have....

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