Practical

Research 1
The Research Title
The research title summarizes the main
idea or ideas of your study. A good title
contains the fewest possible words needed
to adequately describe the content and/or
purpose of your research paper.
(University of Southern California, 2017)
The Research Title
According to Maxine Hairson and Michael Keene, a
good title has several functions:

1. It predicts content
2. It catches the reader’s interest
3. It reflects the tone or slant of the piece of writing
4. Contains keywords that will make it easy to access
by computer search
The Background of Research
One of the preliminary steps to completing a research is
the background study for it. The background study
includes a review of the area being researched, current
information surrounding the issue, previous study, and
relevant history on the issue. (Heaest Seattle Medua, LLC,
2017)

The purpose of a background study is to help you to prove

the relevance of your research questions of your research
questions and to further develop your research.
How to Describe the Background of
Research”
1. Describe the field you will be researching
2. Tell us why this field is important
3. Describe the current (and relevant) topics in the field
4. Describe the specific area will you be researching in the
field
5. Explain why your work is important, does it address any
unanswered questions in this field?
6. Summarize the current research base in your specific
area of interest and highlight any gaps in the research
that you plan to address with your research
Background of Research
Practical Research 1 Basic of
Qualitative Research page 60 -
66
Research Questions
A research question is a statement that
identifies the phenomenon to be studied. For
example, “What resources are helpful to new
and minority drug abuse researchers?”

The following guidelines highlight some of the

features of good questions (Higher Education
Academy & Sheffield Hallam University, 2017)
Research Questions – 1
1. Relevant
2. Manageable in terms of research and in
terms of your own academic abilities
3. Substantial and with original dimensions
4. Clear and simple
5. Interesting
Research Questions – 2
A strong research idea should pass the “so
what” test.

1. What is the benefit of answering your

research questions?
2. Who will it help?
Research Questions – 3
Fulfill the following criteria:

1. Single sentence
2. Include the purpose of the study
3. Include the central phenomenon
4. Use qualitative words
5. Note the participants
6. State the research title
Research Questions – 3
Fulfill the following criteria:

The purpose of this ___ (narrative, phenomenological,

grounded theory, ethnographic, case study) study is
(was? Will be?) will be to ____ (understand, describe,
develop, discover) the ____ (central phenomenon of
the study) for ____ (participants) at (the site). At
this stage in the research, the ___ (central
phenomenon) will be generally defined as ___ (a
general definition of the central concept)
Scope and Delimitation of
Study
Scope – is a section of a research paper that
explains what information or subject is being
analyzed.

Most research is limited in scope by sample size,

time and geographic area. The scope of the study
is usually followed by an explanation of the
limitations of the research. (Reference.com,
20217)
Scope and Delimitation of
Study
Delimitation – This section allows the
writer to explain why certain aspects of a
subject were chosen and why others were
excluded.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
OF STUDY
Start with any of these sample phrases that
express the scope of the study:

1. The coverage of this study ……….

2. The study consist of ………….
3. The study covers the …………..
4. This study is focused on ……………
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF
STUDY
Explain what information or subject is
being studied or analyzed.

Explain the limitations of the research

like the sample size, time frame,
geographic area, subjects, objectives,
facilities and the issue to which the
research is focused.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF
STUDY
Start with any of these sample phrases
that express the delimitation of the study:

1. The study does not cover the …

2. The researcher limited this research to
….
3. This study is limited to …..
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF
STUDY
1. Describe the scope of the study
2. Explain why definite aspects of a
subject were chosen and why others
were excluded
3. Explain why you are delimiting the
research to a specific geographic
location, age, sex, population and other.
Benefit and Beneficiaries/Significant
of the study
Beneficiaries of the study are those
persons, or group of persons or
organization that the researcher/s
target to benefit either directly or
indirectly from any action or
program, as a result of the study.
Benefit and Beneficiaries/Significant
of the study
If you have may beneficiaries, you can use the
following format:

1. 1st P – Why is it important to conduct this study.

2. 2nd P – The main beneficiaries
3. 3rd P – The second beneficiaries
4. 4th P – The importance of this study to the
proponents or researchers
5. 5th P – The importance to the future researcher
Reviewing the Literature
It is an integrated synthesis drawing
upon a select list of academic sources
(mainly journal articles) with a strong
relation to the topic in question. (St.
Clara University, 2017)
How to Select and Review the
Literature
Step 1:

1. You should know “what” information to look for

and “where” to look for the information.
2. The “what” information to look for must be
answered by your topic, research questions and
statement of the problem which are presumed
that you already have at this point of time.
How to Select and Review the
Literature
Step 1:

3. The obvious places “where” to look for

information you need are the library and the
internet.
4. Not every information can be found on the
internet.
How to Select and Review the
Literature
Step 2:

1. Evaluate the quality and scholarliness of a

source. Make sure you only include credible
scholarly sources.
 How to Select and Review the
Literature
Step 2: Guidelines
Authority What are the author’s
credentials?
Can you identify their
institutional affiliations?
What is the author's
expertise on the subject?
Currency Whan was the source published?
Documentation Does the author cite credible,
 How to Select and Review the
Literature
Step 2: Guidelines
Intended Audience Who is the intended
audience?
Purpose What is the author’s goal in
writing it?
Relevancy Is it relevant to your topic?
Does it provide any new
information about your
How to Select and Review the
Literature
STEP 3: Citing resources

1. Cite your sources

2.Referencing format: APA
 How to Select and Review the
Literature
STEP 3: Citing resources
Aspect APA System MLA System
Writing author’s name Full name first, then followed Full name first, followed by
by initials of first and middle full first name, and optional
name. initial of the middle name.
Writing the title of the Italicized title with only the Underlined or italicized title
reading material beginning word capitalized with all content words
(exception: capital for every capitalized.
proper noun)
Writing the copyright date Written after the author’s Written after the publisher’s
name name
How to Select and Review the
Literature
STEP 3:APA Referencing Style

1. Citation or In-Text Citation

(Lopena, 2016) (Olivarez, 2017)

(Cortez, Mabeza, Brado, 2016, pp. 120-130)
(Ligo et al., 2016)
According to Flores (2017)
Olidan (2016) maintains that …
A study on the Pork Barrel Scam is “doable research work”
(Abunda, 2016, p.778)
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography
1 author

Floro, J.A (2016). The Colds Virus. Quezon

City: GB Press.

Gorrez, B.M. (2017). The Philippine Educational

System. Manila: Adarna Publishing House.
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography
2 author

Oropesa, N.C and Danes, J.L. (2017). Coron

Islands. Baguio City: KLM Company.

Reylado, M.R and Sabando, J.M. (2017).

Academic Institutions. Manila: National
Bookstore.
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

3 author (List down the names in

order)

Regala, C.A., Bautista, C.C. and Laya,

G.F (2017). The Philippine’s Supreme
Court Justice. Pasay City: ABC Press
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

3 author or more (List down the

names in order)

Bora, E.N et al. (2016). BIR Regional

Offices. Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore.
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Anonymous Author (If the authorship

of a work is known but not revealed on
the title page, the name is given in the
brackets.

[Candelario, E.J]. The opium craze.

(2016). Nowhere: Nonesuch Press.
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography
Organization, Association or Corporation
as Author.

International Monetary Fund, 2008.

Survey of Asian Economies. Vol.6,
Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and
Philippine. New York: International
Monetary Fund.
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Popular Magazine

Alamares, M. (March 2016). “The

French cuisine.” Panorama, pp, 23-
26.
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Newspaper

Tan, C.S. “Posh subdivisions in Pasay City.”

(2016). Philippine Daily Inquirer.7 May

Manila Bulletin. (2017). Editorial, 2

December.
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography
Interview

Corpuz, F. (April 2016). “Quantitative research:

interview with Felicitas Corpuz.” April 2016.
Interview by Anabelle Gomez. The Manila
Bulletin, Claro, E. (May 2017). “High-school
institutions: interview with Dr.
John.Almeda,”Interview by Lina Carillo. The
Daily Tribune.
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography
Theses and Dissertations

Parayno, R.D (2016). “Meta-cognitive reading

among basic learners.” Ph. D diss., U.P Diliman

Mariano, D.G (2017). “English plus textbooks in

college: discourse Analysis.” M.A. UST
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Material through computer

1. Signed article in a magazine

Kaye, P. (July 2024). “Social-media-

networks.” Personality growth.
Retrieved from link
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Material through computer

2. Unsigned article in a magazine

“Unstructured interview.(July 2024).”

Social-media-networks. Retrieved from
link
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Material through computer

3. Article in Journal

“Linguistic competence. (18 May

2024).” English Forum. Retrieved from
link
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Material through computer

4. Article in Newspaper

Kaye, P. “The era of globalization.” (21

December 2024). New Daily Life Star.
Retrieved from link
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Material through computer

5. An Editorial

“Politics in the Philippines. (7 July

2024).” Editorial. Philippine Daily
Inquirer. Retrieved from link
APA Referencing Style - Bibliography

Material through computer

6. Online books

Silverman, F.D (2016). American

pragmatics. Retrieved from link
Paraphrasing
The words ‘paraphrasing’ and ‘summarizing’ are
sometimes used interchangeably, but usually
they are used to mean two different
techniques.

A paraphrase is rewriting a piece of text in

your own words, while retaining the meaning. It
is usually similar in length to the original text.
Paraphrasing
A summary, in contrast, is a description of the
main ideas of a text, and so it is shorter than the
original text. A journal article might be
summarized in a single paragraph, for example, or
a whole book summarized in a few paragraphs.

To summarize something – like a TV show or an

article – is to condense it down to the ‘bare bones’.
Paraphrasing vs Summarizing
Paraphrase Summary
Should be about the same Can be very short
length as the original text
More detailed than Communicates only the
summary and can include main ideas, leaving out
supporting ideas and supporting ideas and
examples examples
Uses different words to Uses different words to
the original text the original text
Paraphrasing
Examples of some paraphrasing techniques

→ Changing positive statements to negative statements and vice versa

→ Changing the words and word order
→ Leaving out unnecessary words and information
→ Changing the sentence structure
→ Preserving technical terms that don’t have appropriate synonyms

Note that paraphrasing is NOT just changing the words around or

substituting one or two words for synonyms.
Paraphrasing vs quoting
Paraphrasing is taking the information from
a source and re-interpreting it into your own
words.

In contrast, direct quotation is copying the

information directly from the source without
changing any of the wording in your essay.
Reference
Paraphrasing - Locked Bag 1797 (westernsydney.edu.au)