Disease Prevention and Control Part2

Gamo zone Agriculture department
Animal health team
Training on
Prevention and Control Certain major animal diseases in Gamo zone
Feb/2023
Selamber
Introduction
•Disease is a condition that is detrimental to the health and wellbeing animal
•It can include injuries, infections by micro-organisms, infestations of parasites,

nutritional deficiencies, poisoning and hereditary abnormalities.
•Most of the infectious diseases are transmitted by contact, vehicle and vectors
• Livestock diseases contribute to losses via increased mortality, reduced productivity,

control costs, animal power (traction, transport), human health, drug resistant
effect, and trade of animals and animal products.
Introduction…
• For these reasons, it is important to prevent, control and eradicate animal diseases using a
science-based approach.
 Prevention, eradication and control of animal diseases, as well as public health

assurance, are major functions of veterinary authorities.
•Besides, natural history of a disease, farming systems and management of animals, interaction
of wild and domesticated animals, presence of vectors, and type of animal breed are necessary
factors contributing to animal disease occurrence to be taken into consideration
Introduction…
• So this presentation highlights the principles of prevention ,control and

eradication.
• The particular method applied in each circumstance is tailored to achieve a
specific objective.
• Specific activities used in preventing, controlling, or eradicating disease may be
used either singly or in combination
• Finally certain important diseases prevention, control and eradication strategies
will be discussed.
1. Black leg
• A peracute, non-contagious, and highly fatal (nearly 100%).
• Disease of mainly in cattle and rarely in sheep and goat. Affect 6 month-2years and
well body conditions cattle
• Caused by:- Gas producing gram positive Clostridium chauvoei
• In cattle it has a seasonal incidence (warm months and during times of drought )
Treatment
 Effective if commenced early due to rapid progression of disease. Crystalline
penicillin drug of choice and Followed by long acting preparations OTC + Anti-
inflammatory drugs
Black leg …
Prevention and control
 Vaccination
– Animals at 3 and 6 months with two vaccinations given 4 weeks apart then annual
vaccination of all cattle.
– In outbreak, it is advisable to vaccinate all unaffected cattle and inject penicillin (10
000 IU/kg BW, IM)
 Incise the swelling and drain off
 Implement strict biosecurity and quarantine measures
 Burning the upper layer of soil to eradicate the left over spores
 Burn the carcass or bury deep with lime
 Burn any contaminated materials and don’t feed the carcass to other animals
 Don’t allow grazing in affected pastures/areas
Black leg …
2. Hemorrehagic septicaemia/Pasteurollosis
• Caused by Gram negative Pasteurella multocida type-1

• Pasteurellosis of sheep and goats caused by Pasteurella haemolytica
• Shipping fever - Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica
• Occurs mostly in cattle, camel, sheep, goat and pig. Cattle more
• Seen usually following some form of stress condition (high temperature)
• Present as commensal in normal healthy condition but due to pre-disposing factors
they become virulent.
• Secondary infection with bovine herpes virus, parainfluenza II and bacteria may
complicate
Treatment
• Immediate Rx with penstrep, OTC, Sulphonamides (IV/IM)
Pasteurollosis…
• To reduce high fever cold water applied on the body
 In endemic areas:
 Vaccination
 Quarantine and movement control during outbreaks
 Removal of carriers
 Keeping animals in good condition
 Avoid stresses overcrowding, starvation, heavy work and others
 Isolate sick animals and do not share common watering places
 Can be eradicated with:

 quarantines
 movement controls
 tracing of contacts
 euthanasia of infected and exposed animals
 cleaning and disinfection of the premises. It easily killed by most common disinfectants
Pasteurollosis…
3.Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
• Caused by:-Gram negative Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony-

bovine biotype (MmmSC)
• Morbidity up to 70% and Moritality 50%
Treatment:
• It is best to slaughter infected animals
• Long Acting Oxytetracycline (Tetroxy LA)
• Tylosin once or twice daily for 3 day
• It may delay recognition of the disease, create chronic carriers and encourage
emergence of resistant strain
CBPP…
Control and Prevention:
• Depend on the epidemiological situation, animal husbandry methods in effect,
and the availability and efficacy of veterinary services
• In enzootic areas vaccination which confers immunity for 1 year.
• In countries where movement restricted the disease eradicated by quarantine,
blood testing and slaughter
• In disease-free areas: quarantine, movement controls, serological screening
and slaughtering of all positive and in-contact animals
• Control of cattle movements is the most efficient way of limiting the spread of
CBPP
CBPP…
4. Foot and Mouth Disease
• Caused by Aphthous virus of family picornaviridae

• Affects cloven-footed animals Cattle, sheep and goat
Treatment
• The mouth and foot lesions may treated with antiseptics eg. weak solutions of Potassium
permanganate…
• Antibiotics (eg. Penstrep, Gentamycin…) to avoid secondary bacterial infections
• Adult animals recover from the FMD disease in 7-10 days but remain carrier for a long period.

• Restriction of animal movement through regulation NB. during outbreaks
• Adopting effective sanitation and biosecurity procedures round the year.
• Isolate affected animals, don’t sent to pasture and allow to drink water individually
• No animal should be purchased from FMD prevalent areas and purchase after 6 months
following out break
FMD prevention and control…
• Provide food and water to the patient to reduce painful movements during sickness
• All animals should be quarantined and vaccinated against FMD before introducing to the farm
• Prohibit the entry of live animals,semen,embryo,animal by products including feed from areas
of FMD outbreaks
• Use disinfectants (phenols, sodium hydroxide, etc..) at the premises of the infected farm to
destroy or minimize the virus contamination.
• The virus may survive at the farm premises and contaminated fodder for more than one month
under suitable conditions(humidity and temerature).
• Cleaning and disinfection of affected premises, equipment and vehicles
• Euthanasia of infected, recovered, and susceptible contact animals
Vaccination
• All susceptible animals should be vaccinated . It protects clinical signs of disease but not
necessarily protect against FMD virus infection
FMD…
5. Babesiosis/red water
• Tick borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasite Babesia (B.bigemina),
transmitted by Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) decoloratus
• More common in hot and humid areas especially when exotic breads used

• Usually involve combination of treatment, vaccination and tick control
• Rx early to make effective, Imidocarb and diminazene aceturate most widely used
• In endemic areas many indigenous cattle are naturally infected in calf hood and are
immunized
• Strict control of targeted one host tick Boophilus is better to minimize exposure tick
infestation.
Vaccination
• Recently a vaccine which minimizes the severity of infection was developed
Babesiosis…
6. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
• One of the most severe strictly a respiratory disease of goats

• Caused by Mycoplasma Capricolum sub spp capripneumoniae (Mccp)
• Morbidity rate 100% and Mortality rate 60-100%
Treatment
• Tylosin and oxyTTC
• Severity of the disease is reduced but treated animals are still sources of infection
Control
• Biosecurity to prevent contact with infected animals
• Quarantine of affected animals.
• Vaccination
CCPP…
7.Peste des petits ruminants (PPR)
• Acute highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goat

• Caused by Morbilli virus of family paramyxovirus
• Morbidity:- (50-90% ), Mortality:- Goats (55-85%) sheep (45-75%)
Treatment:
• no specific treatment and supportive care given.
• OTC with levamisole for 3 days ffed by repetition at 3 days interval.
• Symptomatic treatment for diarrhea and respiratory problems may help them to survive.
• Lemon juice effective against scab formation.
• Best to slaughter those effected
Prevention:
• Vaccinate with PPR Vaccine
• Isolate sick animals
• Don’t introduce new animals from disease prevalent areas
PPR…
8.Infectious coryza (IC)
• Bacterial Infection Caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum

• Chicken is natural host and all ages are susceptible
Treatment
• Antibiotics gentamycin,pencillin,streptomycin, sulphathiazole and tetracycline are
commonly used will alivate the severity and course of disease.
• Recovered birds remain carrier
Prevention and Control
• Start production from known source and good husbandry practices
• Proper sanitation and disinfection
• Isolation of sick/carriers
• Depopulation followed by cleaning and disinfection
• Vaccination in endemic areas
• Eradication is not economically feasible
IC…
9.Newcastel disease
• Caused by Family paramyxovirus, Genus Avulavirus
• Morbidity up to100% and mortality 90%
• Species affected most species of birds mainly chicken
• Egg production decrease 30-50% return in about 2 weeks (thin and without shell)
Treatment :-
• No treatment and antibiotic for secondary bacterial infection
• Strict biosecurity measures for
– Poultry and poultry products
– Vehicle, people and equipment's
– Disinfection of premises
• Delay re-introduction of new birds for 30 days
• Vaccination is the only reliable:- Thermo unstable (HB-1, LaSota) and s I 2 Thermo stable
vaccine
• New birds should be vaccinated
• practice all-in-all-out policy on stocking. Wait at least 21 days before restocking
Newcastel…
10. Coccidiosis
• Parasitic disease caused by Emeria Spp(9-spp)
• Young growing birds which is frequently characterized by diarrhea and enteritis
Treatment
• Treatment is recommended only if it is commenced at early stage of the disease
• Anticoccidial chemicals effectively suppress sensitive Eimeria spp.
• Amprolium HCl, Sulfachlorpyrazine sodium monohydrate
• Resistance to these drugs develops very quickly so use shuttle medication programs
Coccidiosis…
•Coccidiosis prevention and control programs depend buildup of immunity after natural
infection or vaccination
•This is to keep infection at minimum until immunity established
•Provide low level of chemotherapeutics in feed/medicated feed (with coccidiastats such
amprolum). allowing natural immunity to develop while preventing clinical outbreaks.
•Vaccination with live attenuated or natural selected strain sporulated oocyst vaccines.
•Disinfectants are not effective so regular and careful cleaning of troughs and chicken
houses with soap.
Coccidiosis…

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Gamo zone Agriculture department

Animal health team

Prevention and Control Certain major animal diseases in Gamo zone

•It can include injuries, infections by micro-organisms, infestations of parasites,

• Livestock diseases contribute to losses via increased mortality, reduced productivity,

 Prevention, eradication and control of animal diseases, as well as public health

• So this presentation highlights the principles of prevention ,control and

• Caused by Gram negative Pasteurella multocida type-1

 Can be eradicated with:

• Caused by:-Gram negative Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony-

• Caused by Aphthous virus of family picornaviridae

Prevention and control

Prevention and control

• One of the most severe strictly a respiratory disease of goats

• Acute highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goat

• Bacterial Infection Caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum

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