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    5 2 Abrasion

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    CHIBI NANDAN

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    5 2 Abrasion

    Uploaded by

    CHIBI NANDAN
    2 views17 pages

    Original Title

    5.2.Abrasion

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    2 views17 pages

    5 2 Abrasion

    Uploaded by

    CHIBI NANDAN

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    Abrasion Resistance

    • Abrasion is the physical destruction of fibres, yarns, and fabrics,

    resulting from the rubbing of a textile surface over another surface.

    • Abrasion occurs during wearing, using, leaning or washing process

    and this may distort the fabric, cause fibres or yarns to be pulled out

    or remove fibre ends from the surface.

    • Abrasion ultimately results in the loss of performance characteristics,

    such as strength, but it also affects the appearance of the fabric


    Abrasion mechanism of textiles
    • Abrasive wear in textiles is caused by different conditions given below:
    • Friction between textile materials, such as rubbing of a jacket or coat
    lining on a shirt,pants pockets against pants fabric etc.
    • Friction between the textile materials to the external object, such as
    rubbing of trousers to the seat, friction of the yarn to the needle etc.
    • Friction between the fibres and dust, or grit, in a fabric that results in
    cutting of the fibres. This is an extremely slow process, it may be
    observed on flags hanging out or swimwear because of the unremoved
    sand.
    • Friction between the fabric components. Flexing, stretching, and bending
    of the fibres during the usage causes fibre slippage, friction to each other
    Factors affecting abrasion resistance of fabrics

    • Adhesive, abrasive wear and surface fatigue mechanism play an important role
    in the abrasion mechanism of the yarns and fabrics.

    • Abrasion resistance of the textile materials is very complex phenomenon and


    affected bymany factors, mainly classified as follows:

    • Fibre, yarn, fabric properties and finishing processes.

    • Some of these parameters affect fabric surface whereas some of them has an
    influence on internal structure of the fabrics.

    • For example fibre characteristics like wool ratio and fineness play a significant
    role in surface abrasion, while yarn and fabric characteristics like yarn linear
    density and interlacing coefficient are significantly related with structural
    abrasion
    Fibre properties
    • The mechanical properties and dimensions of the fibres are
    important for abrasion.
    • Fibre type, fibre fineness and fibre length are the main parameters
    that affect abrasion.
    • Fibres with high elongation, elastic recovery and work of rupture
    have a good ability to withstand repeated distortion; hence a good
    degree of abrasion resistance is achieved.
    • Nylon is generally considered to have the best abrasion resistance,
    followed by polyester, polypropylene
    • Blending either nylon or polyester with wool and cotton is found to increase
    abrasion resistance at the expense of other properties.
    • Acrylic and modacrylic have a lower resistance than these fibres while wool,
    cotton and high modulus viscose have a moderate abrasion resistance.
    • Viscose and acetates are found to have the lowest degree of resistance to
    abrasion.
    • The removal of the fibres from yarn structure is one of the reasons of the
    abrasion.
    • Therefore factors that affect the cohesion of yarns will influence the abrasion
    resistance of fabrics as well.
    • Longer fibres incorporated into a fabric confer better abrasion resistance
    than short fibres because it is harder to liberate them from the fabric structure
    Yarn properties

    • Yarn structure, count, twist and hairiness are the main properties
    which affect abrasion of the textile fabrics.
    • Increasing linear density at constant fabric mass per unit area
    increases the abrasion resistance of the fabrics.
    • As yarn got thinner, abrasion resistance values of knitted fabrics
    decrease and breaking occurs in lower cycles.
    • Twist is another parameter affecting abrasion. There is an optimum
    amount of twist in a yarn to give the best abrasion resistance.
    • At low-twist, fibres can easily be removed from the yarn so that it
    is gradually reduced in diameter
    • Yarn hairiness has a negative effect in terms of mass loss during
    abrasion.

    • An increase in yarn hairiness, due to the higher level of protruding


    fibres from yarn surface, reduces fabric abrasion resistance.

    • The production method of yarn has also an influence on the


    abrasion resistance, such that carded fabric gives lower resistance
    than that of combed fabric .

    • Evenyarn structure, using long fibre and lower yarn hairiness are
    the reasons of that result.

    • Knitted fabrics from ring spun yarns have better abrasion resistance
    than knitted fabrics from OE spun yarns
    • Fabrics knitted from siro spun yarns show better abrasion resistance

    than ring, air-jet and OE yarns because of the better evenness,

    hairiness, regular and tightly structure.

    • Another factor that affects the abrasion is the number of yarn plies.

    • As the number of ply threads per yarn increases, the thickness and

    the mass per unit area increases and it causes an improvement in

    abrasion characteristics of the fabric.


    Fabric properties
    • Fabric construction, thickness, weight, the number of yarn (thread
    density) and interlacing per unit area are the fabric properties affecting
    abrasion.

    • Weave type has a significant effect on abrasion resistance of the


    fabrics. Woven fabric properties will differ by changing the weave
    pattern which is evaluated not only as an appearance property, but also
    as a very important structure parameter.

    • Long yarn floats and a low number of interlacings cause the


    continuous contact area of one yarn strand to expand and this
    facilitates the yarn to lose its form more easily by providing easier
    movement as a result of the rubbing motion.
    • But the fabrics that have lower floats such as flat plain weave

    fabrics have better abrasion resistance than other weaves

    because the yarns are more tightly locked in structure and the

    wear is spread more evenly over all of the yarns in the fabric.

    • Like as woven structure, knitting structure has also an

    important effect on abrasion characteristics of knitted fabrics.

    • Average abrasion resistance values of interlock knitted fabrics

    are higher than rib and single jersey fabrics.


    • The fabric mass per square meter and fabric thickness that are the
    main structural properties of fabrics have an effect on abrasion
    resistance. Higher values of these factors ensure higher abrasion
    resistance.

    • The other parameter that affects the abrasion is thread density of


    the fabric.

    • The more threads per unit area in a fabric are the less force to each
    individual thread is, therefore the fabrics with a tight structure have
    higher abrasion resistance than those with a loose structure.
    Finishing process
    • Finishing treatments, the types and concentration of the chemicals
    used in the treatment processes are also the parameters affecting
    the abrasion characteristics of the fabrics.
    • Grey fabrics have lower abrasion resistance compared to dyed
    fabrics with the same construction.
    • During the dyeing operation, fibres on the fabric surface will cling
    to it, hence the fabric will achieve a closer state, and the movement
    of fibres within the yarn will be limited
    • Laundering process affects the abrasion resistance. The abrasion
    resistance of both undyed and dyed fabrics is negatively influenced
    by the laundering treatment.
    • The degree of damage in fibres within the fuzz entanglements tends
    to increase with an increased number of launderings, and that the
    damage varies from small cracks and fractures to slight flaking
    depending on the fabric and yarn.
    • Another process that is important for fabric abrasion is bleaching
    and enzymatic process.
    • The fabrics applied bleaching and enzymatic processes have higher
    abrasion resistance with regard to grey knitted fabrics.
    • Nano-silicone softener treatment causes decrease in abrasion
    resistance of the fabrics.
    • The mass loss ratios of the samples with nano-silicone softeners
    are higher than mass loss ratios of the samples without nano-
    silicone softener
    Methods for testing abrasion resistance of fabrics

    • The manner of transferring the energy from machine to the fabric is

    different for different machines, but the basic principles are the

    same.

    • There are three types of abrasion in terms of occurrence; flat, edge

    and flex abrasion.

    • Therefore different abrasion test methods have been described by

    the abrasion type, the test head movement or testing device setup.
    • The differences among the procedures include the
    – type of equipment,
    – abradant (the material that rubs against the specimen),
    – material used (including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel
    fabrics, household fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor
    coverings) and
    – assessment method.
    • In all of the test methods, the tested specimen is rubbed in a

    particular manner against an abradant which may be a fabric, or a

    emery sheet for either a certain amount of time for a certain

    number of strokes or cycles.

    • ASTM and ISO define several methods to quantify abrasion

    resistance of textile materials and introduce methods for the

    evaluation of abraded fabrics

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