HBSE

HB SE
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Generally held personality
theories in the field of psychology
1.
2.
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Filipino Family
Group
and sociology 3. Community
2. Filipino Personality and Culture 4. Organizations
5. Social Change and Development
6. Psychosocial Problems
 •Physical setting and time
•Socio-economic-political-
ENVIRONMENT cultural contexts
•Primary and secondary groups

•Biopsychosocial PERSON
- spiritual SITUATION
aspects
•Internalized
effects of
the
environment

•ACTUAL situation
(external, objective)
•PERCEIVED
situation (internal,
subjective)
Color Scheme
Social Environment
DEVIANC
“Behavior that departs from societal or group norms”
 Norms

are behavioural codes or prescriptions that guide people into

actions and self presentations conforming to social
acceptability
 Who and Why?
Nature Nurture

Individual Society
 Nature Nurture

1.Individual 2. Personal
Heredity Deficiency
Individual

3. Group 4. Societal
Heredity Factors
Society
INDIVIDUAL
HEREDITY
 Lombrosian Positivisim
Cesare Lombroso
Classification of Criminals
1. Criminoids or Occasional criminals
(Had a tendency to commit crime in order to
overcome their inferiority or in order to meet the
needs of survival)
2.Insane criminals
(Resorted to criminality on account of certain
mental depravity or disorder)
 Mental Disorders
• PSYCHOSIS – severe disorder of psychological functioning manifest
in:
– Loss of contact with reality
– Perceptual disruption such as delusions or hallucinations

– DELUSIONS – beliefs or convictions that are firmly held despite objective

evidence to the contrary.
– HALLUCINATIONS- sensory experiences for which no adequate stimulus
can be discovered ( visual/auditory)
– Ex. Loss of sight – incapable of conscious control of his condition.
3. Atavists or Born Criminals
– Retreating forehead,
– Dark skin,
– Long arms
– Enlarged jaw and cheek bones,
– Long or flat chin and so on
 Jacobs’ Syndrome
Patricia A. Jacobs
• Males with 47XYY Chromosome had severe, indeterminately
caused personality disorder.
– Unstable,
– Unable to conduct adequate personal relationships,
– a tendency to abscond from institutions,
– and committing apparently motiveless crimes.
Group Heredity
 The Kallikak Family
Henry Goddard
• Proposed Eugenics or the improvement of hereditary qualities
of a race or breed by controlling human mating

Good Branch Feeble Minded Branch

Established Individuals Criminals
Intellectuals Violent individuals
Model Citizens Prostitutes and Promiscuous
Drunkards
 “Criminology”
Raffaele Garofalo
• Essentially adhered to Social Darwinism
• Natural Crime is conduct that offends the basic moral
sentiments of pity and probity.
• Rejected free will
 Moral Anomaly
• Criminality is hereditarily transmissible
• A criminal is abnormal and lacks a proper development of
altruistic sensibilities
• They belong to a sub-human category as they fail to properly
adapt to their social environment
PERSONAL
deficiency
 Frustration-Agression Theory
John Dollard, Leonard Doob, Neal Miller,
O.H. Mowrer and Robert Sears
“The occurrence of aggressive behavior always
presupposes the existence of frustration and,
contrariwise, that the existence of frustration always
leads to some form of aggression".

Frustration is defined as thwarting of a goal response

Goal response is defined as the reinforcing final operation

in an ongoing behavior sequence
 Factors Influencing Motivational Strength Towards
Aggression
1. The reinforcement value of the frustrated goal response
2. The degree of frustration of this goal response, and
3. The number of frustrated response sequences.
Revised Frustration-Aggression Theory

1. Any hostile or aggressive behavior that

occurs is caused by frustration.
2. Frustration instigates behavior that
Neal Miller
may or may not be hostile or
aggressive.
 Revised Frustration-Agression Theory
Nicholas Pastore
Frustrations only result in aggressive reactions when
they are deemed inappropriate

Leonard Berkowitz
The work of Dollard et al. only focused on hostile aggression
and not on instrumental aggression.
It is not frustration but the negative affect that generates
aggressive inclinations
These negative feelings generate a range of biological
reactions that promote fight or flight tendencies
 Psychodynamic Theory

A deviant is an impulsive,
easily frustrated person who is
dominated by events or issues
that occurred in early
childhood
August Aichorn

Freud: Displaced Aggression

 Manifest and Latent Delinquency
• Manifest delinquency refers to overt delinquent acts
• Latent delinquency refers to the tendency to commit
delinquent acts as a result of inadequate childhood
socialization
 Indicators of Latent Delinquency
• Impulsivity
• Lack of empathy for others
• Inability to feel guilt
 Differential Association Theory

Deviance is created through

“Cultural Transmissions”
I should avoid getting caught We must uphold the law
An eye for an eye We should respect others
Only the strongest survive Compassion is important
It is okay to steal for yourIndividuals become
survival Hurting othersdeviants
is wrong
when theHow
The life of others is unimportant balance
to run aofbusiness
definitions
How to Edwin
shoot a gun It is wrong to takeexceeds
what is notthose
yours
for law-breaking
Sutherland
for law-abiding.
TECHNIQUES, MOTIVES, DRIVES, RATIONALIZATION,
ATTITUDES
 Differential Association Theory
• While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and
values, it is not explained by those needs and values, since
non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and
values.
 Differential Association Theory
• Learning deviant behavior applies the same principles as in any
other form of learning
• The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from
definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
• It primarily takes place in intimate personal groups
 Societal
FACTORS
 Structural Functionalist Perspective

Deviance is simply what is

defined as not normal by
norms, values or laws-
formation of values enforced
Emile by institutions.
Durkheim

Deviance is a normal and necessary part of any society

because it contributes to the social order.
Structural Functionalist Perspective

• “Anomie…social condition in which norms are

weak, conflicting, or absent.”
• Functions of Deviance
– Affirmation of cultural norms and values
– Clarification of right and wrong
– Unification of others in society
– Promoting social change
 Strain Theory
Deviance is a result of strain
and frustration experienced
by people when they are
prevented from achieving
culturally approved goals
through institutional means.

Robert It is an adaptation of individuals

Merton to the dominant culture

anomie feelings of being disconnected from society

particularly its’ norms on goals and means of achieving
 Components of Social Functions
• Manifest functions are recognized and intended consequences
of any social pattern.
• Latent functions are the unrecognized and unintended
consequences of any social pattern.
• Dysfunction are social patterns’ undesirable consequences.
 Adaptations
• Conformists: accept the goals their society sets for them, as
well as the institution-alized means of achieving them.

• Innovators: accept society’s goals but reject the usual ways of

achieving them.
 Adaptations
• Ritualists: rejects cultural goals but still accepts the
institutionalized means of achieving them.

• Retreatists: reject cultural goals as well as the institutionalized

means of achieving them.
 Adaptations
• Rebels: not only rejects culturally approved
goals and the means of achieving them, but
they replace them with their own goals.
 Social Control Theory
Deviance or delinquency is
intrinsic to human nature

Conformity is achieved
through socialization, the
formation of bond between
individual and society
Travis Hirschi
 Social Bonds that Prevent Deviance
1. attachment -- a measure of the connectedness between
individuals

2. commitment -- a measure of the stake a person has in the

community
 Social Bonds that Prevent Deviance
3. involvement -- a measure of the time/energy a person is
spending on activities that are helpful to the community

4. belief -- a measure of the person's support for the morals

and beliefs of the community
 Labeling Theory
Also called “ Societal-Reaction
Approach” which posits that
it is the response to an act,
and not the behavior, that
determines the Deviance.

Stigmas are undesirable traits or

labels that are used to
Howard Becker characterize a person.

A Label is usually a Master Status

 Labeling Theory

Primary Deviance: Behavior

that causes the initial labeling
of the person

Secondary Deviance: Happens

Edwin Lemert when the person begins to
identify with and classify
themselves by the label
 Social Disorganization Theory
Deviance is a function of
neighbourhood dynamics, and
not necessarily a function of the
Clifford Shaw and individuals within
Henry D. Mckay neighbourhoods.

There are socially organized

communities and socially
disorganized communities.
Concentric Zones
Zone 1:Central
Business District

Zone 2 Inner City or

Zone of Transition
Zone 3 Respectable
working class
housing
Zone 4 Middle Class
Suburbs

Zone 5: Rural areas

inhabited by the rich
 Social Disorganization Theory
• Socially organized communities have:
– Solidarity
– Cohesion
– Integration
Informal Social Control

Movement
Informal Direct
Governing
Surveillance Intervention
Rules
 Social Disorganization Theory
• Neighborhood Characteristics that promote Social
Disorganization:
– Poverty
– Racial/Ethnic Heterogeneity
– Residential Mobility
 Conflict Theory

“ People with power

protect their own interest
and define deviance to
suit their own needs”

Richard Quinney
 The Social Reality of Crime
1. Crime is defined by authorized agents
2. Crime is defined to describe behaviors conflicting with the
interests of people with power to shape public policy
 The Social Reality of Crime
3. Criminal definitions are applied by the segments of society
that have the power to shape the enforcement and
administration of criminal law
4. Criminal definitions shape behavioral patterns
 The Social Reality of Crime
5. Conceptions of crime are constructed and diffused in the
segments of society through different media
6. The social reality of crime is constructed by the formulation
and application of criminal definitions, the development of
behaviour patterns related to criminal definitions, and the
construction of criminal conceptions
 Subcultural Theories

Subcultural theories argue that certain

groups develop norms and values that are
different from those held by other member
of society.
 Albert K. Cohen
• Deviance is a collective response to the dominant culture
• Argued that Merton failed to account for non-utilitarian crime
• Published Delinquent Boys: The Culture of Gangs in 1955
 Albert K. Cohen
Don'tsubculture
• Deviant ever try to judge me, dude
was mostly found in the working class due
You don't
to: STATUS know what the fuck I've been through
FRUSTRATION
But I know something about you
• Material and to
You went Cultural Deprivation
Cranbrook, lead to
that's a private educational failure
school
• The deviant
What's the subculture not
matter, dog, only
you rejects the mainstream
embarrassed?
This it
culture, guy's a gangster?
reverses it. His real name's Clarence
And Clarence lives at home with both parents
And Clarence parents have a real good marriage
This guy don't wanna battle, he shookCause ain't
no such things as halfway crooks
He's scared to death, he's scared to look in his fucking year
book
 Focal Concerns Theory
Crime is a result of the fact
that there is a lower-class
subculture with different
norms and values to the
rest of society.
Walter B. Focal Concerns are
Miller concerns and things that
members of a lower-class
subculture want to
achieve.
 Focal Concerns
• Toughness – Miller said that people within the lower-class
subculture value toughness as an important trait
• Smartness – This culture also value the ability to outfox each
other.
• Excitement – This culture constantly searches for excitement
and thrills.
 Differential Opportunity Theory

Development of deviant behavior is

Richard Cloward influenced by differential access to
legitimate and illegitimate means to
and Lloyd Ohlin succeed

Deviant sub-cultures are developed as a response to lack of

access to legitimate means to succeed and influenced by
access to illegitimate means
 Deviant Subcultures
• Criminal emerge in areas where there is an established pattern of
organized adult crime. Children learn from their parents and are
concerned with utilitarian crime – financial reward.

• Conflict develop in areas where adolescents have little opportunity for

access to illegitimate opportunity structures. Lack of cohesiveness.
Response is often gang violence.
 Deviant Subcultures
• Retreatist some lower class adolescents form subcultures
around illegal drug use because they have failed to succeed in
both the legitimate and illegitimate structures. Double failures
– as they have failed in terms of criminal and conflict
subcultures.
 Nature Nurture

1.Individual 2. Personal

x
Heredity Deficiency
Individual

x
3. Group 4. Societal
Heredity Factors
Society