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    Fault Tolerance - Lecture 3

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    Ebenezer Komla Gavua
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    Fault Tolerance - Lecture 3

    Uploaded by

    Ebenezer Komla Gavua
    4 views21 pages
    fault tolerance

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    Fault Tolerance_lecture 3

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    fault tolerance

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4 views21 pages

    Fault Tolerance - Lecture 3

    Uploaded by

    Ebenezer Komla Gavua
    fault tolerance

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 21

    Storage

    • Data storage: also has issues of availability and fault tolerance


    • Different methods are available for making sure shared data and applications
    are never lost or irretrievable
    RAID (Redundant Array of Independent [or
    Inexpensive] Disks)
    • Collection of disks
    • Provide shared data, application fault tolerance
    • Disk array (drive)
    • Group of hard disks
    • RAID drive (RAID array)
    • Collection of disks working in a RAID configuration
    • Single logical drive
    RAID (cont’d.)
    • Hardware RAID
    • Set of disks, separate disk controller
    • RAID array managed exclusively by RAID disk controller
    • Attached to server through server’s controller interface
    • Software RAID
    • Software implements, controls RAID techniques
    • Any hard disk type
    • Less expensive (no controller, disk array)
    • Performance rivals hardware RAID
    RAID (cont’d.)
    • RAID Level 0 - Disk Striping
    • Simple RAID implementation
    • Data written in 64-KB blocks equally across all disks
    • Not fault-tolerant
    • Does not provide true redundancy
    • Best RAID performance (in this chapter)
    • Uses multiple disk controllers
    RAID (cont’d.)

    Figure 14-6 RAID level 0 - disk striping


    RAID (cont’d.)
    • RAID Level 1- Disk Mirroring
    • Disk mirroring provides redundancy
    • Data from one disk copied automatically to another disk
    • Advantages
    • Simplicity, automatic and complete data redundancy
    • Disadvantages
    • Cost of two disks
    • CPU usage because software does the mirroring
    RAID (cont’d.)
    • Disk duplexing
    • Similar to disk mirroring
    • Data continually copied from one disk to another
    • Separate disk controller used for each disk
    • Provides added fault tolerance
    RAID (cont’d.)

    Figure 14-7 RAID level 1 - disk mirroring


    RAID (cont’d.)
    • RAID Level 3 - Disk Striping with Parity ECC
    • ECC (error correction code)
    • Algorithm to detect, correct errors
    • Known as parity error correction code
    • Parity
    • Mechanism to verify data integrity
    • Number of bits in byte sum to odd, even number
    • Use either even parity, odd parity, not both
    Table 14-1 The use of parity bits to achieve parity

    • RAID Level 3 - Disk Striping with Parity ECC (cont’d.)


    • Parity tracks data integrity
    • Not data type, protocol, transmission method, file size
    • Parity error checking
    • Process of comparing data parity
    Figure 14-8 RAID level 3 - disk striping with parity ECC

    • RAID Level 3 - Disk Striping with Parity ECC (cont’d.)


    • Advantage
    • High data transfer rate
    • Disadvantage
    • Parity information appears on single disk
    RAID (cont’d.)
    • RAID Level 5 - Disk Striping with Distributed Parity
    • Most popular data storage technique
    • Data written in small blocks across several disks
    • Parity error checking information distributed among disks
    • Advantages over RAID level 3
    • Writes data more rapidly
    • Uses several disks for parity information
    • Disk replacement causes little interruption
    • Controlling software regenerates failed file parts
    RAID (cont’d.)

    Figure 14-9 RAID level 5 - disk striping with distributed parity


    RAID (cont’d.)
    • RAID Level 5 - Disk Striping with Distributed Parity
    • Hot spare (failover component)
    • Array disk, partition used only when one RAID disk fails
    • See link Ch 14i
    • Cold spare (hot swappable component)
    • Duplicate component
    • Not installed
    NAS (Network Attached Storage)
    • Specialized storage device, storage device group
    • Provides centralized fault-tolerant data storage
    • Difference from RAID
    • Maintains own interface to LAN
    NAS (cont’d.)
    • Advantages
    • NAS device contains own file system
    • Optimized for saving, serving files
    • Reads, writes fast
    • Easily expandable
    • No service interruption
    • Disadvantage
    • No direct communication with network clients
    • Use
    • Enterprises requiring fault tolerance, fast data access
    NAS (cont’d.)

    Figure 14-10 Network attached storage on a LAN


    SANs (Storage Area Networks)
    • Distinct networks of storage devices
    • Communicate directly
    • With each other, other networks
    • Multiple storage devices
    • Connected to multiple, identical servers
    SANs (cont’d.)
    • Advantages
    • Fault tolerant
    • Fast
    • Special transmission method
    • Special protocols, like Fibre Channel
    • Despite the name, Fibre Channel can run over both copper and fiber media (link Ch 14k,
    14l)
    • SAN can be installed in location separate from LAN served
    • Provides added fault tolerance
    • Highly scalable
    • Faster, more efficient method of writing data
    SANs (cont’d.)
    • Drawbacks
    • High cost
    • Small SAN: $100,000
    • Large SAN: several million dollars
    • More complex than NAS, RAID
    • Training, administration efforts required
    • Use
    • Environments with huge data quantities requiring quick availability
    Figure 14-11 A storage area network

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