PRINTING

ARCHITECTURE AL2

BY
MAYA MORSEL
ZAHRAA AL KHANSA
 INTRODUCTION
The early experiments in printing in Europe saw the emergence of various
techniques. One of these was relief printing, where a mirror image of the desired
content is carved onto a flat surface, such as a wooden block, and the raised areas
are inked while the recessed areas remain ink-free, allowing for the transfer of ink
onto paper when pressure is applied onto the live surface or when the template is
pressed against the paper. This method transfers the ink from the raised areas onto
the paper, creating the desired image
 HISTORY OF PRINTING IN THE WEST

Printing has a long history, dating back thousands of

years. The earliest forms of printing involved carving
symbols and dates onto wooden blocks, which were
then inked and pressed onto surfaces to create
impressions. In the early 15th century, the Chinese
inventor Bi Sheng developed movable type, allowing
individual characters to be arranged and rearranged to
form words and sentences. This innovation
revolutionized the printing process, making it faster
and more efficient. In Europe, Johannes Gutenberg is
credited with inventing the printing press around
1440, which further transformed the printing
 TYPES OF PRINTING

01 RELIEF PRINTING 02 ROTOGRAVURE

03 LITHOGRAPHY 04 SILK SCREEN

 RELIEF PRINTING
Relief printing is a family
of printing methods
where a printing block,
plate or matrix, which has
had ink applied to its non-
recessed surface, is
brought into contact with
paper. The non-recessed
surface will leave ink on
the paper, whereas the
recessed areas will not.
 ROTOGRAVURE PRINTING

The rotogravure process is

a direct transfer method for
printing onto wood-pulp
fiber based, synthetic, or
laminated substrates,
including: Films such as
polyester, OPP, nylon, and
PE. Papers. Carton board
 LITHOGRAPHY PRINTING

Lithography from Ancient Greek is a

planographic method of printing
originally based on the immiscibility
of oil and water. The printing is from
a stone (lithographic limestone) or a
metal plate with a smooth surface. It
was invented in 1796 by the German
author and actor Alois Senefelder
and was initially used mostly for
musical scores and maps.
 SILK SCREEN PRINTING

Screen printing is a printing

technique where a mesh is used to
transfer ink onto a substrate, except
in areas made impermeable to the
ink by a blocking stencil. A blade or
squeegee is moved across the screen
to fill the open mesh apertures with
ink, and a reverse stroke then causes
the screen to touch the substrate
momentarily along a line of contact.
EVOLUTION OF PRINTING
 WOOD BLOCK PRINTING

One of the oldest techniques for printing

text, images, or patterns originated in China
as a method of printing on paper and textiles,
and has a long history and development in
both Europe and Asia.

It is a process in which you carve the image

in reverse on a piece of wood, cutting away
the areas that appear "white" with a knife or
chisel, and inking them out with a roller
covered with ink. Paper is pressed over it to
transfer the ink and image.
 MOVEABLE TYPE
The Chinese invented moveable type, but
because of the sheer number of characters in
the language, this process never took off.
Johann Gutenberg, 15th C, Germany
popularized this innovation.

1 Carve a letter on the end of a steel bar, the

punch.
2 That letter form struck into a softer metal
bar made of copper, to create a mold or
matrix.
3 The matrix is placed into a type mold.
Molten metal is poured into the opening to
fil the mold.
 INGRAVING

Art work was carved in reverse into copper

plate. Ink was pushed into the indentations
and then squeezed out onto paper.
Its the direct opposite of a relief print

The main advantages of intaglio printing is the

ability of the copper plate to define detail
Larger print runs are also possible with copper plates
because copper was stronger than lead
Today, printing is still being used for printing
currency and some times postage stamps
 LITHOGRAPHY

The next important printing breakthroughw a

s lithography (from the Greek word, lithos,
means "stone" and graphein, means "to
write").- Lithography depend on the fact that
water and grease repel.

This method was invented in 1796 by

German author and actor Alois Senefelder as
a cheap method of publishing art work on
paper or to print text.
In this a pattern drawn onto a flat limestone
& than paint the printing ink onto the stone.
 ROTARY PRESS
Up until now, paper was fed into the press
by hand. This new invention speeded
up the press operations dramatically.-
The industrial revolution produced a
surplus of products for the first time i
n history.

The need to advertise and promote these

products helped fuel the printing
industry.- Before magazines or
television existed, the only way to
advertise was to print posters and
handbills.
 TYPEWITER
The next major in novation was the
invention of the typewriter, which had
keyboard attached.
A machine for writing characters similar to
those produced by printer's movable
type.

A type writer operates by means of keys

that strike a ribbon to transmit in kor
carbon impressions onto paper.
Peter Mitterh fer invented the first
typewriter which was made by wood.
 LINOTYPE

The keyboard was immediately

attachedto all kinds of devices
designed to automate the time
consuming task of setting type by
hand.

The most successful of these innovations was the

Linotype Composer "line-of-type" which
poured hot metal into matrixes andspit out the
line of type (slug) at atime, once used melted
down to be used again.
 OFFSET PRINTING

Same basic principles asthestone lithographer.

Each color is still printed from aseparate plate,
except the plates are made of metal.

Some projects may call for 2 colors, some may

use a standard 4 color CMYK process and
others can require even more than that with
specialty spot colors, varnishes and a variety of
coatings also available.
 SILK SCREEN PRINTING

Silkscreen printing, or screen printing for short

offers a wide range of brightly colored inks
and is often used for printing t-shirts, posters
and other promotional A ink materials

One color is printed at a time, so several screens

can be used to produce amulticoloured image
or design.
 DRY INK PRINTING

The next major innovation in graphicarts

techniques is "dry ink" printing.

Electricity charged toner particles are fused

onto paper using heat. The same
technology in the Xerox machine
(photocopying) is also in your laser
printer.
 INKJET PRINTING

The common household printing solution, inkjet is a

feasible solution for small print runs and is
available to the general public at an affordable
cost.

The process involves a printer which

communicates digitally with a computer of
some sort and physically sprays the ink onto
the paper.
 DIGITAL PRINTING

Digital printing is a process that uses toner, rather

than ink, which sits on top of the piece of
paper instead of being absorbed by it

While the quality has increased dramatically since

its inception, it still can not match the quality
of offset lithography, especially in small
details, typography and color-matching.
 3D PRINTING

3D printing is an additive manufacturing process

that creates a physical object from a digital
design.

There are different 3Dprinting technologies and

materials you can print with, but all are based
on the same principle: a digital model is
turned into a solid three-dimensional physical
object by adding material layer by layer