NLP 2 MD Dilshad

UNIT - II
 Syntax analysis:-
 Syntax analysis, also known as parsing, is a crucial component of natural language processing (NLP). It
involves analyzing the structure of sentences to understand their grammatical composition. This process
helps in determining the syntactic structure of a given text and ensures that the text follows the rules of
grammar.
 Parsing in natural language processing (NLP) refers to the process of analyzing the grammatical
structure of a sentence. It involves breaking down the sentence into its constituent parts and determining
their syntactic relationships. This analysis is essential for understanding the meaning of the sentence and
for various NLP tasks, such as machine translation, information extraction, and text summarization.
 Syntax analysis, or parsing, in natural language processing (NLP) involves examining the grammatical
structure of sentences. It is used to understand the syntactic relationships between words, ensuring that
the text adheres to the rules of grammar.
Note:- Syntactic structure:-
 In natural language processing (NLP), the syntactic structure refers to the way words and phrases are
arranged within a sentence according to the rules of grammar. This structure helps in understanding
how the components of a sentence relate to each other and form a coherent and grammatically correct
sentence.
 In natural language processing (NLP), the syntactic structure refers to the arrangement of words and
phrases within a sentence to form a grammatically correct sentence. This structure is determined by the
rules of syntax, which govern how words can be combined and ordered to convey meaning.
Understanding the syntactic structure is crucial for interpreting the meaning of sentences and for
various NLP tasks.
Grammar Rules:
 Grammar rules define how words and phrases can be combined to form valid sentences. These rules
can be part of a formal grammar, such as context-free grammar (CFG), which specifies the possible
structures of sentences in a language.
 Applications of Syntax Analysis in NLP:-
 Machine Translation: Ensuring that sentences are grammatically correct when translated.
 Text Summarization: Extracting the most relevant parts of a text while maintaining grammatical coherence.
 Information Extraction: Identifying and extracting structured information from unstructured text.
 Sentiment Analysis: Understanding the sentiment expressed in a sentence by analyzing its grammatical
structure.
 By understanding the syntax of sentences, NLP systems can better interpret, process, and generate human
language in a way that is both meaningful and grammatically accurate.
 Structured information :-In natural language processing (NLP), structured information refers to data
that is organized in a predefined manner, making it easy to access, interpret, and analyze. This contrasts
with unstructured information, which lacks a defined format and can be more challenging to process.
 Examples of Structured Information
Databases:
Relational databases like SQL databases, where data is stored in tables with rows and columns.
Spreadsheets:
Data organized in cells, rows, and columns in software like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets.
CSV Files:
Comma-separated values files where data is organized in a tabular format.
Unstructured information:- In natural language processing (NLP), unstructured information refers to data
that does not have a predefined or easily recognizable structure.
Example:-
Consider an unstructured text: "John Doe, a software engineer at Google, lives in San Francisco.“
Information Extraction:-
Using NLP techniques, we can extract structured information:-
Name: John Doe

Occupation: Software Engineer
Company: Google
Location: San Francisco
By applying NLP techniques to unstructured information, we can transform it into structured formats, making it
easier to analyze and utilize in various applications such as data analytics, business intelligence, and automated
decision-making.
Key Aspects of Syntactic Structure in NLP
Constituents:-
Constituents are groups of words that function as a single unit within a sentence. Examples include noun
phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
Phrase Structure (Constituency):

Phrase structure, also known as constituency, represents the hierarchical organization of words into nested
sub-phrases or constituents. This structure can be visualized using a parse tree that shows how words group
together to form larger phrases and ultimately the whole sentence.
Dependency Structure:
Dependency structure focuses on the grammatical relationships between words, where each word depends on
another word. This forms a tree structure with words as nodes and dependencies as edges, showing how words
are linked directly.
 Key aspects of syntax analysis in NLP include:
 Tokenization: Breaking down text into individual words or tokens.
 Part-of-Speech Tagging: Assigning parts of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) to each token.
 Parsing: Analyzing the grammatical structure of a sentence. This can be done using various types of
parsers, such as:
 Dependency Parsers: Focus on the dependency relationships between words in a sentence.
 Constituency Parsers: Break down sentences into sub-phrases or constituents, showing how words
group together hierarchically.
 Grammar Rules: Using predefined grammatical rules or statistical models to validate the structure of
sentences.
 Examples of Syntactic Structures
 Constituency Parsing Example
 Consider the sentence: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.“
 Noun Phrase (NP): "The quick brown fox"

 Verb Phrase (VP): "jumps over the lazy dog"
 Prepositional Phrase (PP): "over the lazy dog“
 The parse tree shows these phrases as nested constituents within the sentence.
 Dependency Parsing Example
For the same sentence, a dependency parse focuses on the relationships between individual words:
"jumps" is the root (main verb).

"fox" is the subject of "jumps".
"quick" and "brown" are adjectives modifying "fox".
"over" is a preposition linked to "jumps".
"dog" is the object of the preposition "over".
"lazy" is an adjective modifying "dog".
Parsing natural language :-
 Parsing natural language involves analyzing a sentence to determine its grammatical structure, identifying the roles of
individual words and how they relate to each other. This process is essential for understanding the syntax and semantics
of the sentence, enabling various applications in natural language processing (NLP) such as machine translation,
information extraction, and sentiment analysis.

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UNIT - II

 Examples of Structured Information

Using NLP techniques, we can extract structured information:-

Name: John Doe

Phrase Structure (Constituency):

 Tokenization: Breaking down text into individual words or tokens.

 Dependency Parsers: Focus on the dependency relationships between words in a sentence.

 Constituency Parsing Example

 Noun Phrase (NP): "The quick brown fox"

 Dependency Parsing Example

"jumps" is the root (main verb).

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