MIT WORLD

PEACE
UNIVERSITY
School Education
Course:- Creating an Inclusive School
Topic:- Understanding the Disability
Presented By:-
Bharati Saikrupa
Ph.D. Student
 Meaning and definition of disability, handicap and
impairment

Characteristics and causes of disability

We have to Difference between disability, handicap and impairment

learn
Types of disabilities and impairment:- Hearing
Impairment, Visual Impairment, Mentally Retarded,
Cerebral Palsy, Multiple Disabilities
Implications of disabilities on learning
Meaning of
disability
• A disability is any condition of the body or
mind (Impairment), that makes it more
difficult for the person with the condition to
do certain activities (activity limitation) and
interact with the world around them.
• A Disability is a physical or mental problem
that makes it difficult or impossible for a
person to walk, See, hear, speak, learn or do
other important things. Some disabilities are
permanent or last forever.
• A disability can be something a person was
born with or it can be the result of an illness
or an accident.
Continue...
• Disability = Impairment in body
organs + Inability to perform
certain task like normal person +
Lack of ability to perform day to
day activities.
• Disability is defined as a any
restriction or lack of ability to
perform any activity in the manner
or within the range considered
normal for a human being.
Definition of Disability
• According to The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 “Person with
disability” means a person with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory
impairment which, in interaction with barriers, hinders his full and effective participation
in society equally with others.
• According to Leonardi et al. (2006), disability is a difficulty in functioning at the
physical, mental, or sensory level that impairs participation in various aspects of life.
• According to Lancaster University, disability is a social construct, not the inevitable
result of impairment. It is a complex inter-relationship between impairment, an
individual’s response to that impairment, and the physical, institutional, and attitudinal
environment.
• The ICIDH (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and
Handicaps) defines disability as “the restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity
in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being”
Continue...
According to WHO, Disability has 3 dimensions
(in ICF disability serves as an umbrella term for
impairment, activity limitations and participation
restrictions).
1. Impairment: An impairment in a person's
body structure or function, or mental
functioning. Examples include loss of a limb,
loss of vision, or memory loss.
2. Activity limitation: A limitation in activity,
such as the inability to read or move around.
Examples include difficulty seeing, hearing,
walking, or problem solving.
3. Participation restrictions: A restriction in
participation, such as exclusion from school
or work.
Meaning of Handicap
• Handicap refers to the way restricts a person’s
functioning.
• Handicap is a disadvantage, for a given individual,
resulting from impairment or a disability, which
prevents the fulfilment of a role that is considered
normal ( Depending on age, sex and social and
cultural factors) for that individual.
• Handicap a disability that significantly limits a major
life activity. A major life activity can include caring
for oneself, working or having sensory functions.
• Handicap can also mean having a physical or
mental impairment that prevents someone from
living a normal life.
• Many people consider the word “ handicapped ”
offensive. Instead, they prefer to say someone has a
disability or is disabled.
Meaning of
impairment
• Impairment is the loss of an organ or the
defect in structure and function of the
organs of a person. This defect may be
temporary or permanent.
• It can be psychological, psychological or
anatomical.
• For example:- Hearing impaired- Those
who lost their hearing capacity.
Visually impaired-
Those who lost their vision.
Characteristics of Disability
• It is a physical or mental condition that
limits a person’s movements, senses,
and activities.
• It can include a disfigurement of the
body.
• It can occur from illnesses, accidents or
even genetics.
• Some disabilities are visible to others
while some are not.
• Some disabilities are only for a short
time while others are permanent.
• Some disabilities can be cured some
cannot be cured.
Causes of
The causes of disabilities, particularly those impacting learning, are diverse
and can arise from a variety of sources, each bringing unique implications for
the learning process. Broadly, these causes can be categorized into genetic,
developmental, neurological, and environmental factors.

Disability • Genetic Factors: Certain disabilities are the result of genetic conditions. For
example, Down syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra
chromosome 21, often leads to intellectual disability. Genetic conditions can
affect cognitive processes, memory, attention span, and problem-solving skills,
thereby impacting learning.
• Developmental Factors: Disabilities can also stem from complications during
pregnancy and birth. Factors like prenatal exposure to alcohol or drugs, maternal
infections, or birth complications (like oxygen deprivation) can lead to
conditions such as cerebral palsy or Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs),
which can significantly affect a child's cognitive and physical development.
• Neurological Factors: Disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are thought to have
neurological bases. These conditions can affect various aspects of learning, such
as social interaction, attention, behavior, and information processing.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to environmental toxins (like lead), severe
malnutrition, or traumatic experiences (including abuse and neglect) can lead to
disabilities. These experiences can impair cognitive development, emotional
regulation, and learning abilities.
 DISABILIT IMPAIRMEN HANDICAP
Y T
• Code- D • Code- I • Code- H

Difference between • Reflecting the • Concerned with • Concerned with the

consequences of abnormalities of body disadvantages
Disability, impairment in term of structure and appearance experienced by the
Impairment and functional performance and with organs or system individual as a result of
Handicap and activity by the (Function) resulting from impairments and
individual; disabilities any cause; In principle, disabilities; handicaps
thus represent impairments represent thus reflect interaction
disturbances at the disturbances at the organ with and adaptation to
level of the person. level. the individual’s
surroundings.
Impairment vs Disability

IMPAIRMENT DISABILITY

• It refers to a problem with structure or organs of the • It is a functional limitation with regards to a particular activity.
body. • It is the restriction of ability caused by the condition.
• It is the actual condition. • Disability usually refers to difficulty carrying out tasks or
• It describes problems at the tissue label. activities of daily life.
• It is any loss of normal physical or mental abilities. • The disabled person can’t take care of him or herself. E.g.:
• Impairments are usually the result of disease illness or disability from a back injury might mean the person can no
injury. longer get dressed or bath without help.
• Objective and Measurable. • May be objective and measurable.
• Microbial label of analysis. E.g. Body organ. • Individual level of Analysis. E.g. Person.
Handicap vs Disability

HANDICAP DISABILITY

• Defined as a disadvantage. • Defined as a condition.

• It is a disadvantage imposed on an • It is an inability to do something, a
individual. diminished capacity to perform in a specific
• External source. way.
• Difficulty. • Internal source.
• Consequence of disability. • Inability.
• Handicaps are problems or difficulties that • Condition of having reduced capacity.
a person with a disability encounters as he • A person’s limitation only becomes a
or she attempts to function and interact with disability if it interferes with the person’s
the environment. attainment of his or her educational, social
or vocational.
 Impairment

Organ Disability

Individual
Handicap
Society
Types of Disabilities and impairment

Types of disabilities Types of Impairment

1. Orthopedic / Mobility Disabilities 1. Vision Impairments

2. Visual Impaired 2. Hearing Impairments
3. Hearing Disabilities 3. Mobility Impairments
4. Speech and language Disabilities 4. Cognitive Impairments
5. Other Physical Disabilities 5. Speech Impairments
Implications of 1. Individualized Learning Needs: Disabilities often necessitate tailored educational
approaches. For instance, students with dyslexia typically require different teaching
methods for reading.
disabilities on 2. Social and Behavioral Challenges: Conditions like ASD can lead to difficulties in social
interactions and communication, which can affect learning in a traditional classroom
learning 3.
setting.
Attention and Concentration Issues: ADHD can make it challenging for students to
stay focused, follow instructions, and complete tasks, requiring specific strategies for
engagement and learning.
4. Physical Limitations: Disabilities like cerebral palsy may require adaptive technology
or modified physical environments for effective learning.
5. Emotional and Psychological Impact: Disabilities can affect self-esteem and
motivation. Students may require emotional support alongside academic assistance.
6. Early Intervention and Support: Early identification and support are crucial. The
earlier the intervention, the better the outcomes in terms of cognitive and social
development.
In addressing these implications, it’s important for educators, parents, and caregivers to
collaborate and create an inclusive and supportive learning environment. This might include
specialized teaching techniques, accommodations, assistive technologies, and the fostering
of a supportive, understanding community. The goal is to provide equitable learning
opportunities tailored to each individual’s unique strengths and needs.
Reference to read more
on Disability

• https://www.slideshare.net/BeulahJayarani/disa
bility-and-impairmentpdf-251584868
• https://www.slideshare.net/drmadhurverma/dis
ability-and-impairment-41950057
• https://www.slideshare.net/nithinnair11/disabili
ty-238405761
• https://www.slideshare.net/TCPLibrary/underst
anding-the-disability
• https://www.differencebetween.com/difference
-between-disorder-and-vs-disability/
THANK
YOU