Introduction to Computers and C Programming
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Introduction What Is a Computer? Computer Organization Evolution of Operating Systems Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server Computing Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-level Languages The History of C The C Standard Library The Key Software Trend: Object Technology C++ and C++ How to Program Java and Java How to Program Other High-level Languages Structured Programming The Basics of a typical C Program Development Environment
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is a Computer?
Computer
Device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs
Hardware
Various devices comprising a computer Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and processing units
Software
Programs that run on a computer
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Computer Organization
Six logical units in every computer:
1. Input unit
Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse) Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices)
2. Output unit
3. Memory unit
Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) 5. Central processing unit (CPU)
Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer
Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage Stores inactive programs
6. Secondary storage unit
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Evolution of Operating Systems
Batch processing
Do only one job or task at a time
Operating systems
Manage transitions between jobs Increased throughput
Amount of work computers process
Multiprogramming
Computer resources are shared by many jobs or tasks
Timesharing
Computer runs a small portion of one users job then moves on to service the next user
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Personal Computing, Distributed Computing, and Client/Server Computing Personal computers
Economical enough for individual
Distributed computing
Computing distributed over networks
Client/server computing
Sharing of information across computer networks between file servers and clients (personal computers)
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Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level Languages Three types of programming languages
1. Machine languages
Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions Example: +1300042774 +1400593419 +1200274027 English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers) Example: LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY
2. Assembly languages
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Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level Languages
3. High-level languages
Codes similar to everyday English Use mathematical notations (translated via compilers) Example: grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
History of C
C
Evolved by Ritchie from two previous programming languages, BCPL and B Used to develop UNIX Used to write modern operating systems Hardware independent (portable) By late 1970's C had evolved to "Traditional C"
Standardization
Many slight variations of C existed, and were incompatible Committee formed to create a "unambiguous, machineindependent" definition Standard created in 1989, updated in 1999
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
The C Standard Library
C programs consist of pieces/modules called functions
A programmer can create his own functions
Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works Disadvantage: time consuming
Programmers will often use the C library functions
Use these as building blocks
Avoid re-inventing the wheel
If a premade function exists, generally best to use it rather than write your own Library functions carefully written, efficient, and portable
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
Objects
Reusable software components that model items in the real world Meaningful software units
Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice objects, audio objects, video objects, file objects, record objects, etc. Any noun can be represented as an object
Very reusable More understandable, better organized, and easier to maintain than procedural programming Favor modularity
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11
C++ and C++ How to Program
C++
Superset of C developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs "Spruces up" C, and provides object-oriented capabilities Object-oriented design very powerful
10 to 100 fold increase in productivity
Dominant language in industry and academia
Learning C++
Because C++ includes C, some feel it is best to master C, then learn C++
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12
Other High-level Languages
Other high-level languages
FORTRAN
Used for scientific and engineering applications
COBOL
Used to manipulate large amounts of data
Pascal
Intended for academic use
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13
Structured Programming
Structured programming
Disciplined approach to writing programs Clear, easy to test and debug and easy to modify
Multitasking
Specifying that many activities run in parallel
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14
Basics of a Typical C Program Development Environment Phases of C Programs: 1. Edit 2. Preprocess 3. Compile
Editor Preprocessor Dis k Dis k Dis k Dis Primary k Memory Program is created in the editor and stored on disk. Preprocessor program processes the code. Compiler creates object code and stores it on disk. Linker links the object code with the libraries
Compiler
Linker
4. Link
5. Load
Loader Disk
Loader puts program in memory.
. . . . . .
6. Execute
CPU
Primary Memory
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. . . . . .
CPUtakes each instruction and executes it, possibly storing new data values as the program executes.
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Hardware Trends
Every year or two the following approximately double:
Amount of memory in which to execute programs Amount of secondary storage (such as disk storage)
Used to hold programs and data over the longer term
Processor speeds
The speeds at which computers execute their programs
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