Human anatomy

Human Anatomy is often defined as the study of structures in the human body. Anatomy
focuses on the description of form, or how body structures at different levels look. Gross
anatomy studies macroscopic structures (for example, the body, organs, and organ systems),
and histology studies microscopic structures (for example, tissues, cells, and organelles)
 Human anatomy mainly describes in 12 major systems
THE SYSTEMS ARE :-
1. Skeletal
2. Muscular
3. Cardiovascular
4. Digestive
5. Endocrine
6. Nervous
7. Respiratory
8. Immune/Lymphatic
9. Urinary
10. Female Reproductive
11. Male Reproductive
12. Integumentary
 The Skeletal System

 The skeletal system contains

the bones that give structure
to the human body. Bones
protect and support vital
organs and work with
muscles to help the body
move.

To gain strength and stability,

bones and teeth must absorb
nutrients, such as calcium
and phosphorus, in a process
called mineralization.
 The Muscular System
 The muscular system is responsible for
the movement of the human body.
Attached to the bones of the skeletal
system are about 700 named muscles
that make up roughly half of a person's
body weight. Each of these muscles is a
discrete organ constructed of skeletal
muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons,
and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found
inside of the heart, digestive organs,
and blood vessels. In these organs,
muscles serve to move substances
throughout the body.
 The Cardiovascular System

 The cardiovascular system consists of

the heart, blood vessels, and the
approximately 5 liters of blood that
the blood vessels transport.
Responsible for transporting oxygen,
nutrients, hormones, and cellular
waste products throughout the body,
the cardiovascular system is powered
by the body's hardest-working organ
--- the heart, which is only about the
size of a closed fist. Even at rest, the
average heart easily pumps over 5
liters of blood throughout the body
every minute.
 The Digestive System

 The digestive system is a group of organs

working together to convert food into
energy and basic nutrients to feed the
entire body. Food passes through a long
tube inside the body known as the
alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal
tract (GI trac). The alimentary canal is
made up of the oral cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and
large intestines. Accessory organs of the
digestive system include the teeth, tongue,
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
 The Endocrine System

 The endocrine system includes all of the

glands of the body and the hormones
produced by those glands. The glands are
controlled directly by stimulation from the
nervous system as well as by chemical
receptors in the blood and hormones
produced by other glands. By regulating the
functions of organs in the body, these glands
help to maintain the body's homeostasis.
Cellular metabolism, reproduction, sexual
development, sugar and mineral
homeostasis, heart rate, and digestion are
among the many processes regulated by the
actions of hormones.
 The Nervous System
 The nervous system consists of the brain,
spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the
nerves that connect these organs with the rest
of the body. Together, these organs are
responsible for the control of the body and
communication among its parts. The brain and
spinal cord form the control center known as
the central nervous system (CNS), where
information is evaluated and decisions made.
The sensory nerves and sense organs of the
peripheral nervous system (PNS) monitor
conditions inside and outside of the body and
send this information to the CNS. Efferent
nerves in the PNS carry signals from the
control center to the muscles, glands, and
organs to regulate their functions
 THE RESPIRATORY
 The cells ofSYSTEM
the human body require a constant
stream of oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory
system provides oxygen to the body's cells while
removing carbon dioxide, a waste product that
can be lethal if allowed to accumulate. There are
3 major parts of the respiratory system: the
airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration.
The airway, which includes the nose, mouth,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles, carries air between the lungs and
the body's exterior. The lungs act as the
functional units of the respiratory system by
passing oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide
out of the body. Finally, the muscles of
respiration, including the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles, work together to act as a
pump, pushing air into and out of the lungs
during breathing.
 The Immune and Lymphatic System

 The immune and lymphatic systems are two

closely related organ systems that share several
organs and physiological functions. The immune
system is our body's defense system against
infectious pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi
as well as parasitic animals and protists. The
immune system works to keep these harmful
agents out of the body and attacks those that
manage to enter.
 The lymphatic system is a system of capillaries,
vessels, nodes and other organs that transport a
fluid called lymph from the tissues as it returns to
the bloodstream. The lymphatic tissue of these
organs filters and cleans the lymph of any debris,
abnormal cells, or pathogens. The lymphatic
system also transports fatty acids from
the intestines to the circulatory system
 The Urinary System

 The urinary system consists of the kidneys,

ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The
kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and
produce urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra together form the urinary tract, which
acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from
the kidneys, store it, and then release it during
urination. Besides filtering and eliminating
wastes from the body, the urinary system also
maintains the homeostasis of water, ions, pH,
blood pressure, calcium and red blood cells.
 The Female Reproductive System

 The female reproductive system includes the

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva,
mammary glands and breasts. These organs are
involved in the production and transportation of
gametes and the production of sex hormones.
The female reproductive system also facilitates
the fertilization of ova by sperm and supports
the development of offspring during pregnancy
and infancy
 The Male Reproductive System

 The male reproductive system

includes the scrotum, testes,
spermatic ducts, sex glands, and
penis. These organs work together
to produce sperm, the male
gamete, and the other components
of semen. These reproductive
organs also work together to
deliver semen out of the body and
into the vagina where it can
fertilize egg cells to produce
offspring
 The Integumentary System

 The integumentary system is an organ system

consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and
exocrine glands. The skin is only a few
millimeters thick yet is by far the largest
organ in the body. The average person's skin
weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of
almost 20 square feet. Skin forms the body's
outer covering and forms a barrier to protect
the body from chemicals, disease, UV light,
and physical damage. Hair and nails extend
from the skin to reinforce the skin and protect
it from environmental damage. The exocrine
glands of the integumentary system produce
sweat, oil, and wax to cool, protect, and
moisturize the skin's surface