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    Fedinand de Saussure Structuralism

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    Laila Afridi

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    Fedinand de Saussure Structuralism

    Uploaded by

    Laila Afridi
    13 views19 pages

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    13 views19 pages

    Fedinand de Saussure Structuralism

    Uploaded by

    Laila Afridi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE STRUCTURALISM

    AND ITS PARADAIGMS

    BY Ms.Laila AFRIDI
    M.Phil Eng
    1857 - 1913

    Swiss Linguist – Father of Modern Linguistics


    BORN
    Swiss linguist whose ideas on November
    26, 1857
    structure in language laid the Geneva, Sw
    foundation for much of the itzerland
    DIED
    approach to and progress of the February 22,
    linguistic sciences in the 20th 1913
    Switzerland
    century. He was the first who
    said that no language superior
    rather all the languages are
    equal. And we do not compare the
    language we investigate on the
    language .
    2
    Saussure's most influential work, a book
    (Course in General Linguistics) was published
    posthumously in 1916 by former students
    “Charles Bally” and “Albert Sechehaye” on the
    basis of notes taken from Saussure's lectures at
    THE UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA

    3
    • Linguistics is a Scientific Study.

    • Descriptive (“containing a full information”) Study of


    Language.

    • Primary importance will be given to the spoken


    medium of language.

    • Autonomous Body / Linguistics is an authoritative


    study – It is not a part of study but it is it self a complete
    study

    • Synchronic Study
    4
    • Language comes from society
    i. Langue ii. Parole

    • Synchronic view of language is studied rather than diachronic one.

    • The semiotic theory of “Signifier” and “Signified”.

    • Paradigmatic v/s syntagmatic relation of language.

    5
    As discussed earlier that Saussure`s ideas on structure in language laid
    the foundation for much of the approach to and progress of the
    linguistic sciences in the 20th century. Saussure believed that language
    is made up with certain structures .

    For example :
    What does this mean?

    6
    Or these?

     1960s, Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure influenced this


    theory through examination of language as a system of signs,
    called semiology

    7
     A sign consists of two parts
     Signifier
     Signified

    8
     People know when they see

    It means they must stop.

    Signifier = Concept

    Signified = I stop my car.

    9
    SIGN AND
    SIGNIFIED
     If we think of this linguistically…

    ○We see a tree or hear some the sound /trī/ a concept or image clicks in our
    mind that is signifier.
    ○And when we utter that word (TREE) that is signified.
    10
    Sounds or signs are the vehicles through which we
    conceptualize things
    So what does this say about the relationship
    between language and thought?
     Can you have think without language?
    The answer to this is “NO” . Because even for an idea we
    need a SOUND / SIGN . And according to Saussure these are
    structural parts of language.

    11
    Saussure believed that:
    • We study language by the help of structures.

    • Language is a broader system made up with certain sub-systems.

    • We start understanding or studying language through SOUND. (Semiotics)

    • Language is like a Game of Chess.

    • We study language through society. (sociolinguistics)

    • Langue and Parole.

    • Syntagmatic V/S Paradigmatic.


    12
    Overall
    Langue knowledge of
    language which
    is shared by
    Society

    13
    LANGUE
    The actual act
    Parole of using the
    data of the
    knowledge
    shared by society

    14
    Relationship of language

    • Semiotics is probably best-known as an approach to


    textual analysis, and in this form it is characterized
    by a concern with structural analysis .
    Structuralist semiotic analysis involves identifying
    the
    constituent units in a semiotic system (such as a text
    or socio- cultural practice) and the structural
    relationships between them (oppositions,
    correlations and logical relations).
    15
    Paradigmatic is a term that describes the substitutional
    relationships that a linguistic unit has with other units. For
    example in the sentence below
    • (I hunted a bear),
    each of the words can be exchanged with a number of other words
    without changing the basic syntactic arrangement:
    • I hunted a bear.
    • You hunted a mouse.
    • He fed a cat.•
    • We looked after rabbit.
    • The man caged a parrot.
    16
    Like paradigmatic relations, syntagmatic relations can operate at all
    linguistic levels. In the phrase the boy, which consists of a
    determiner plus noun, we can put a variety of items between the and
    boy, but we are not permitted to reverse them.
    •Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations together constitute the
    identity of an item within the linguistic systems as a whole. In other
    words, every linguistic item (phoneme, morpheme, word, etc.)
    can be characterized or identified by:
    1.Where it is able to occur sequentially with other units
    (its distribution), and
    2.referring to the set of terms with which itcan be interchanged
    (substituted). 17
    Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations together have a contrast of
    “X” axis and “Y” axis .
    For Example:
    y Paradigmatic

    x x syntagmatic
    syntagmatic

    y Paradigmatic

    Prof. Junaid Amjed 18


    Structures are related to one another.

    • When we change structure of a sentence


    horizontally (x-axis) it is known as Syntagmatic.

    • When we are more concerned with lexical


    choices, vertically (y-axis) that is Paradigmatic.
    E.g.
    I hunted a bear.
    Y-Axis – Lexical Change
    Paradigmatic
    You hunted a mouse.

    We looked after bear


    X-Axis – Structural Change
    Syntagmatic
    He was haunted by a bear

    19

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