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    Colligative Property Pptnew

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    Colligative Property Pptnew

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    42 views31 pages

    Colligative Property Pptnew

    Uploaded by

    Kelly Grace Pacayra

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 31

    CO L L IG AT I V E P R O P E R T Y

    PREPARED BY:
    CATHERINE L. GUY
    Review

    • Solution, Solute, Solvent, and Concentration • Ionic and Covalent


    Compounds
    Learning objectives:

    1.Describe the effect of solute concentration on the


    colligative properties of solutions;

    2.Differentiate the colligative properties of


    nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte solutions
    ” It is a hot summer day and you have a picnic at the park or
    beach front with your classmates, friends or relatives with
    watermelon and “dirty ice cream”. Mmmmmm….. tastes
    good… refreshing…. The ice cream is an old-fashioned
    homemade kind ice cream. The kind of where the maker has a
    tub full of mix of ingredients immersed in a bigger tub filled
    with ice and salt. But wait a minute, why salt? Why the ice
    cream vendor does add salt to the ice?
    Guide Questions:
    1. What is colligative property?
    2) Identify the different colligative properties of
    solutions.
    3) Describe the effect of solute concentration on the
    colligative properties of solutions.
    4) Differentiate between the effects that an electrolyte
    and the of nonelectrolyte solutions and of
    electrolyte colligative properties solutions!
    What are colligative properties?

    Properties that depends on the number of solute


    particles in a solution, not on the identity of the
    solute particles themselves.
    The different colligative properties of solution
    Colligative properties include the following:

    (1) vapor pressure lowering


    (2) boiling point elevation
    (3) freezing point depression.
    Effects of electrolyte and nonelectrolyte on colligative properties
    solutions.

    1) Vapor Pressure Lowering


    Vapor pressure is a direct measure of escaping tendency of
    molecules. A pure liquid (solvent) in a closed container will
    establish equilibrium with its vapor. And when that equilibrium
    is reached, the pressure exerted by the vapor is called the vapor
    pressure. A substance that has no measurable vapor pressure is
    nonvolatile, while one that exhibits a vapor pressure is volatile.
    The picture (Fig. 1) in the left shows a
    surface entirely occupied by liquid
    molecules, some of which evaporated
    and form a vapor. On the right, a
    nonvolatile solute like salt or sugar has
    been dissolved into the solvent, having
    the effect of diluting the water. The
    addition of a nonvolatile solute
    resulted to a lowering of the vapor
    pressure of the solvent. The lowering
    of the vapor pressure depends on the
    number of solute particles that have
    been dissolved.
    It is important to note that the
    reduction in the vapor pressure of
    a solution of this example is
    directly proportional to the
    fraction of the volatile molecules
    in the liquid, which is the mole
    fraction of the solvent. This
    reduced vapor pressure can be
    determined using Raoult’s Law
    (1886)
    Recall from the definition of mole fraction that in a two
    component solution (a solvent and a single solute), X solvent =
    1 – X solute.
    While the chemical nature of the solute is not a factor to consider, it is important to take
    into consideration whether the solute is an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte. Ionic compounds
    like sodium chloride, NaCl, are strong electrolytes that dissociate into ions when they
    dissolve in solution results in a larger number of dissolved particles. Consider two
    different solutions of equal concentration: one is made from ionic compound NaCl,
    while the other is made from the molecular compound glucose (C6H12O6). The
    equations below show what happens when these solutions dissolve :

    NaCl(s) ———> Na+ (aq) + Cl" (aq) 2 dissolved particles


    C 6H12O6 (s) ————-> C6H12O6 (aq) 1 dissolved particle
    2) Boiling Point Elevation
    The addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor
    pressure of the solution; consequently the temperature
    must be raised to restore the vapor pressure of the solution
    to the value conforming to the pure solvent. Specifically,
    the temperature at which the vapor pressure is 1 atm will be
    higher than the normal boiling point by an amount known
    as the boiling point elevation.
    Boiling Point Elevation Constants for Some Solvents

    Boiling Point
    Solvent Kb ( C/m)
    (°C at 1 atm)

    Water 100 0.512

    Hydrogen acetate 118.1 3.07

    Benzene 80.1 2.53

    Chloroform 61.26 3.63


    Calculating Boiling Point Elevation
    Difference between the boiling points of a solution and
    pure solvent can be written as:

    Calculating Boiling Point Elevation


    Change in boiling point is directly proportional to the
    molal concentration of the solute particles
    For dilute solution the elevation of the boiling point is directly
    proportional to the molal concentration of the solute
    When a solute is added to a
    solvent, the boiling point of the
    solution increases.
    3. Freezing-Point Depression
    ● happens when a solute is added to the pure solvent that results in the
    lowering of the freezing point of the solvent.

    ● when pure solvent freezes, its particles move slower and become
    more ordered as the intermolecular forces that operate between the
    molecules become stable
    Freezing-Point Depression
    In water molecules, the hydrogen
    bonds create a hexagonally-shaped
    network of molecules that result in
    the structure of ice. Adding a solute
    into the liquid solvent, this ordering
    process is disrupted
    Freezing point depression is directly
    proportional to vapor pressure when a
    solute is added to a solvent; the freezing
    point of the solution also decreases.
    Boiling Point Elevation in Electrolyte Solutions
    van’t Hoff Factor
    Expresses the amount of dissociation or association of an
    electrolytic solute
    Predict the van’t Hoff factor for
    HCl.

    Predict the van’t Hoff factor for Sr(OH)2.


    The magnitude of the freezing point depression is directly proportional to the
    molality of the solution. Thus:

    T f = Kf m
    Where:

    Kf – is the molal freezing - point depression constant., a constant that is


    equal to the change in the freezing-point for a 1 molal solution of a
    nonvolatile molecular solute
    Tf – freezing point depression
    m – molality of solute
    COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTE
    SOLUTION

    Freezing Point Depression in Electrolyte Solutions

    27
    1. Calculate the boiling point elevation when 0.5 moles of glucose
    (C6H12O6) are dissolved in 500 grams of water? The boiling point
    elevation constant for water is 0.512 C/m.

    Steps:

    1. Calculate the molality of glucose


    molality = moles of solute/ mass of solvent in kg

    2. Calculate the boiling point elevation


    Directions. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and
    False if the statement is wrong. Write your answers on the space provided.

    __________ 1. Colligative properties will only depend on the number


    of dissolved particles in the solution and not on their identity.
    __________ 2. The addition of a solute will increase the boiling point
    of the solution than that of the pure solvent.
    __________ 3. Colligative properties are proportional to each other in terms of the
    concentration of solute particles.
    __________ 4. The greater the pressure of a gas over a solution the
    greater its solubility.
    __________ 5. The freezing point of the solution is always greater than
    the freezing point of the pure solvent.
    1. If 3 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) are dissolved in 500 grams of
    water, what is the freezing point point depression? Assume complete
    dissociation of NaCl into two ions in solution. The freezing point
    depression constnt for water is 1.86 C/m.

    Steps:

    1. Calculate the molality of NaCl


    molality = moles of solute/ mass of solvent in kg

    2. Use the formula for freezing point depression


    Solve the following problems. Show the complete solution.

    1.What is the new boiling point of a solution prepared by


    adding 80.0 g of sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2) to 420 mL of
    water?

    2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 15 grams of ethylene


    glycol (C2H6O2) in 250 grams of water. Calculate the
    freezing point depression. The freezing point depression
    constant for water is 1.86 C/m.

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