Machine Learning

A subset of artificial intelligence known as machine learning focuses primarily on the creation of algorithms that enable a computer to
independently learn from data and previous experiences. Without being explicitly programmed, machine learning enables a machine to
automatically learn from data, improve performance from experiences, and predict things.
Machine learning algorithms create a mathematical model that, without being explicitly programmed, aids in making predictions or decisions
with the assistance of sample historical data, or training data. For the purpose of developing predictive models, machine learning brings
together statistics and computer science. Algorithms that learn from historical data are either constructed or utilized in machine learning. The
performance will rise in proportion to the quantity of information we provide.

Features of Machine Learning

•Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.
•It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
•It is a data-driven technology.
•Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the huge amount of the data.

Classification of Machine Learning

At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three types:
1.Supervised learning
2.Unsupervised learning
3.Reinforcement learning
 Supervised learning
In supervised learning, sample labeled data are provided to the machine learning system for training, and the system then
predicts the output based on the training data.
The system uses labeled data to build a model that understands the datasets and learns about each one. After the training and
processing are done, we test the model with sample data to see if it can accurately predict the output.

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of

algorithms:
•Classification
•Regression
The Classification algorithm is a Supervised Learning technique that is used to identify the category of new
observations on the basis of training data. In Classification, a program learns from the given dataset or observations
and then classifies new observation into a number of classes or groups. Such as, Yes or No, 0 or 1, Spam or Not
Spam, cat or dog, etc. Classes can be called as targets/labels or categories.

Regression analysis is a statistical method to model the relationship between a dependent (target) and independent
(predictor) variables with one or more independent variables. More specifically, Regression analysis helps us to
understand how the value of the dependent variable is changing corresponding to an independent variable when other
independent variables are held fixed. It predicts continuous/real values such as temperature, age, salary, price, etc.
 Unsupervised learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any supervision.
The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled, classified, or categorized, and the
algorithm needs to act on that data without any supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to restructure the input data
into new features or a group of objects with similar patterns.
In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine tries to find useful insights from the huge amount
of data. It can be further classifieds into two categories of algorithms:
•Clustering
•Association

Clustering or cluster analysis is a machine learning technique, which groups the unlabelled dataset. It can be
defined as "A way of grouping the data points into different clusters, consisting of similar data points. The objects
with the possible similarities remain in a group that has less or no similarities with another group."

Association rule learning is a type of unsupervised learning technique that checks for the dependency of one data
item on another data item and maps accordingly so that it can be more profitable. It tries to find some interesting
relations or associations among the variables of dataset. It is based on different rules to discover the interesting
relations between variables in the database.
 Reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent gets a reward for each right
action and gets a penalty for each wrong action. The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks and improves its
performance. In reinforcement learning, the agent interacts with the environment and explores it. The goal of an agent is to
get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its performance.
The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is an example of Reinforcement learning.

Applications of Machine learning

• Image Recognition: Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is used to
identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc. The popular use case of image recognition and face detection
is, Automatic friend tagging suggestion.Facebook provides us a feature of auto friend tagging suggestion. Whenever
we upload a photo with our Facebook friends, then we automatically get a tagging suggestion with name, and the
technology behind this is machine learning's face detection and recognition algorithm.
• Speech Recognition:While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech
recognition, and it's a popular application of machine learning.Speech recognition is a process of converting voice
instructions into text, and it is also known as "Speech to text", or "Computer speech recognition." At present, machine
learning algorithms are widely used by various applications of speech recognition. Google assistant, Siri, Cortana,
and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to follow the voice instructions.
 Regrression
Regression analysis is a statistical method to model the relationship between a dependent (target) and independent
(predictor) variables with one or more independent variables. More specifically, Regression analysis helps us to understand
how the value of the dependent variable is changing corresponding to an independent variable when other independent
variables are held fixed. It predicts continuous/real values such as temperature, age, salary, price, etc.
In Regression, we plot a graph between the variables which best fits the given datapoints, using this plot, the machine learning
model can make predictions about the data. In simple words, "Regression shows a line or curve that passes through all the
datapoints on target-predictor graph in such a way that the vertical distance between the datapoints and the regression line is
minimum." The distance between datapoints and line tells whether a model has captured a strong relationship or not.
Some examples of regression can be as:
•Prediction of rain using temperature and other factors
•Determining Market trends
•Prediction of road accidents due to rash driving.
Types of Regression
•Simple Linear Regression
•Multi-Linear Regression
•Polynomial Regression
•Support Vector Regression
•Decision Tree Regression
•Random Forest Regression
 Linear Regression
Linear regression is one of the easiest and most popular Machine Learning algorithms. It is a statistical method that is used for predictive analysis. Linear regression
makes predictions for continuous/real or numeric variables such as sales, salary, age, product price, etc.Linear regression algorithm shows a linear relationship
between a dependent (y) and one or more independent (y) variables, hence called as linear regression. Since linear regression shows the linear relationship, which
means it finds how the value of the dependent variable is changing according to the value of the independent variable.

Mathematically, we can represent a linear regression as:

y= a0+a1x+ ε

Here,
Y= Dependent Variable (Target Variable)
X= Independent Variable (predictor Variable)
a0= intercept of the line (Gives an additional degree of freedom)
a1 = Linear regression coefficient (scale factor to each input value).
ε = random error
The values for x and y variables are training datasets for Linear Regression
model representation.
Linear regression can be further divided into two types of the algorithm:
•
Simple Linear Regression: If a single independent variable is used to predict the value of a numerical dependent
variable, then such a Linear Regression algorithm is called Simple Linear Regression.
•
Multi Linear Regression: If more than one independent variable is used to predict the value of a numerical dependent
variable, then such a Linear Regression algorithm is called Multiple Linear Regression.
 PolynoMIAL Regression
Polynomial Regression is a regression algorithm that models the relationship between a dependent(y) and independent
variable(x) as nth degree polynomial. The Polynomial Regression equation is given below:
y= b0+b1x1+ b2x12+ b2x13+...... bnx1n
•It is also called the special case of Multiple Linear Regression in ML. Because we add some polynomial terms to the
Multiple Linear regression equation to convert it into Polynomial Regression.
•It is a linear model with some modification in order to increase the accuracy.
•The dataset used in Polynomial regression for training is of non-linear nature.
•It makes use of a linear regression model to fit the complicated and non-linear functions and datasets.
•Hence, "In Polynomial regression, the original features are converted into Polynomial features of required degree
(2,3,..,n) and then modeled using a linear model."

NEED FOR POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION

The need of Polynomial Regression in ML can be understood in the below points:
•If we apply a linear model on a linear dataset, then it provides us a good result as we have seen in Simple Linear Regression,
but if we apply the same model without any modification on a non-linear dataset, then it will produce a drastic output. Due to
which loss function will increase, the error rate will be high, and accuracy will be decreased.
•So for such cases, where data points are arranged in a non-linear fashion, we need the Polynomial Regression model. We
can understand it in a better way using the below comparison diagram of the linear dataset and non-linear dataset.