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    CH 1

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    CH 1

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    Zaynab Zahran

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Engineering Mechanics:

    Statics in SI Units, 12e

    1 General Principles

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    Chapter Objectives

    • Basic quantities and idealizations of mechanics


    • Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravitation
    • Principles for applying the SI system of units
    • Standard procedures for performing numerical
    calculations
    • General guide for solving problems

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    Chapter Outline

    1. Mechanics
    2. Fundamental Concepts
    3. Units of Measurement
    4. The International System of Units
    5. Numerical Calculations
    6. General Procedure for Analysis

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    BRANCHES OF
    MECHANICS
    1.1 Mechanics

    • Statics – Equilibrium of bodies


     At rest
     Move with constant velocity

    • Dynamics – Accelerated motion of bodies

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.2 Fundamentals Concepts

    Basic Quantities
    1. Length
    - locate the position of a point in space
    2. Mass
    - measure of a quantity of matter
    3. Time
    - succession of events
    4. Force
    - a “push” or “pull” exerted by one body on another

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.2 Fundamentals Concepts

    Idealizations
    1. Particles
    - has a mass and size can be neglected

    2. Rigid Body
    - a combination of a large number of particles

    3. Concentrated Force
    - the effect of a loading

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.2 Fundamentals Concepts

    Newton’s Three Laws of Motion


    • First Law
    “A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line
    with constant velocity, will remain in this state
    provided that the particle is not subjected to an
    unbalanced force”

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.2 Fundamentals Concepts

    Newton’s Three Laws of Motion


    • Second Law
    “A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F
    experiences an acceleration a that has the same
    direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly
    proportional to the force”

    F  ma

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.2 Fundamentals Concepts

    Newton’s Three Laws of Motion


    • Third Law
    “The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
    particles are equal and, opposite and collinear”

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.2 Fundamentals Concepts

    Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction


    m1 m 2
    F G
    r2
    F = force of gravitation between two particles
    G = universal constant of gravitation
    m1,m2 = mass of each of the two particles
    r = distance between the two particles

    mM e
    Weight: W  G 2
    r
    Letting g  GM e / r 2
    yields W  mg

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.3 Units of Measurement

    SI Units
    • Stands for Système International d’Unités
    • F = ma is maintained only if
    – 3 of the units, called base units, are defined
    – 4th unit is derived from the equation
    • SI system specifies length in meters (m), time in
    seconds (s) and mass in kilograms (kg)
    • Force unit, Newton (N), is derived from F = ma

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.3 Units of Measurement

    Name Length Time Mass Force

    International Meter (m) Second (s) Kilogram (kg) Newton (N)


    Systems of Units
    (SI)
     kg.m 
     2 
     s 

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.3 Units of Measurement

    • At the standard location,


    g = 9.806 65 m/s2
    • For calculations, we use
    g = 9.81 m/s2
    • Thus,
    W = mg (g = 9.81m/s2)
    • Hence, a body of mass 1 kg has a weight of 9.81 N, a
    2 kg body weighs 19.62 N

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.4 The International System of Units

    Prefixes
    • For a very large or small numerical quantity, units can
    be modified by using a prefix

    • Each represent a multiple or sub-multiple of a unit


    Eg: 4,000,000 N = 4000 kN (kilo-newton)
    = 4 MN (mega- newton)
    0.005m = 5 mm (milli-meter)

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.4 The International System of Units

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.5 Numerical Calculations

    Dimensional Homogeneity
    • Each term must be expressed in the same units
    • Regardless of how the equation is evaluated, it
    maintains its dimensional homogeneity
    • All terms can be replaced by a consistent set of units

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.5 Numerical Calculations

    Significant Figures
    • Accuracy of a number is specified by the number of
    significant figures it contains
    • A significant figure is any digit including zero
    e.g. 5604 and 34.52 have four significant numbers
    • When numbers begin or end with zero, we make use
    of prefixes to clarify the number of significant figures
    e.g. 400 as one significant figure would be 0.4(103)

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.5 Numerical Calculations

    Rounding Off Numbers


    • Accuracy obtained would never be better than the
    accuracy of the problem data
    • Calculators or computers involve more figures in the
    answer than the number of significant figures in the
    data
    • Calculated results should always be “rounded off” to
    an appropriate number of significant figures

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.5 Numerical Calculations

    Calculations
    • Retain a greater number of digits for accuracy
    • Work out computations so that numbers that are
    approximately equal
    • Round off final answers to three significant figures

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


    1.6 General Procedure for Analysis

    • To solve problems, it is important to present work in a


    logical and orderly way as suggested:
    1. Correlate actual physical situation with theory
    2. Draw any diagrams and tabulate the problem data
    3. Apply principles in mathematics forms
    4. Solve equations which are
    dimensionally homogenous
    5. Report the answer with
    significance figures
    6. Technical judgment
    and common sense
    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
    Example

    Convert to 2 km/h to m/s.

    Solution
    2 km  1000 m  1 h 
    2 km/h      0.556 m/s
    h  km  3600 s 
    Remember to round off the final answer to three significant figures.

    Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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