At the end of the session, learners will be able to:
Identify the type of conic section given its general form of its equation. Define eccentricity of conic section. Compute the eccentricity of a conic section CLASSIFYING CONICS FROM ITS GENERAL EQUATION The equation of any conic can be written in the form
which is called a general second-degree equation in
and . This form is so general that it encompasses both the nondegenerate and degenerate conics. Two methods to determine what type of conics given its general form of equation • Relationship of its numerical coefficients of the variable (A and C) • Solving the discriminant of the equation The non-degenerate conic section has a general form of .
The relationship of and is the main indicator of classifying
conics through inspection. The table below shows the said relationship. Conic Sections Relationship of and Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola Direction: Classify the following general equation of the conic sections based on the relationship of the numerical coefficient and . (1) Given the equation , rewrite this to general form of the nondegenerate conic section.
2 2 𝐴 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 =0
Since and , then .
Note that . Hence, is a parabola. (2) Given the equation , rewrite this to the general form of the nondegenerate conic section.
2 2 𝐴 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 =0
Since and , then .
Note that because . Also, because . Hence, is a circle. (3) Given the equation , rewrite this to the general form of the nondegenerate conic section.
2 2 𝐴 2 𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 =0 −25 𝑥 − 4 𝑦 +100 𝑥+ 16 𝑦 + 20=0 Since and , then . Note that because . Also, because . Hence, is an ellipse. (4) Given the equation , rewrite this to general form of the nondegenerate conic section.
2 2 2 𝐴 𝑥 +𝐶 2 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 =0 4 𝑥 −9 𝑦 +36 𝑥+ 36 𝑦 −125= 0 Since and , then . Hence, is a hyperbola. Another way in classifying the equation of a nondegenerate conic section is by computing the discriminant of the equation. The expression is called discriminant of the equation. Take note that the discriminant is a part of the quadratic formula. We will use the general form of any conic section given by the equation . The table below summarizes the values of the discriminant of the four nondegenerate conics. Conics Value of the Discriminant Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola Direction: Classify the following general equation of the conic sections using the discriminant. (1) Given the equation , rewrite this to general form of the nondegenerate conic section.
2 2 𝐴 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 =0
Since , then . Note that . Hence, is a parabola. (2) Given the equation , rewrite this to the general form of the nondegenerate conic section.
2 2 𝐴 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 =0
Since and , then . Note that because . Also, because . Hence, is a circle. (3) Given the equation , rewrite this to the general form of the nondegenerate conic section.
2 2 𝐴 2 𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 =0 −25 𝑥 − 4 𝑦 +100 𝑥+ 16 𝑦 + 20=0 Since and , then . Note that because . Also, because . Hence, is an ellipse. (4) Given the equation , rewrite this to general form of the nondegenerate conic section.
2 2 2 𝐴 𝑥 +𝐶 2 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 =0 4 𝑥 −9 𝑦 +36 𝑥+ 36 𝑦 −125= 0 Since and , then . Note that because . Hence, is a hyperbola. The table below summarizes the ways on classifying the non-degenerate conics. Conic Relationship of and Value of the Sections Discriminant Circle Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola What is an eccentricity of a conic section? Eccentricity of Conic Sections Definition of Eccentricity
The eccentricity, denoted ,
is a parameter associated with every conic section. It can be thought of as a measure of how much the conic section deviates from being circular. Bigger eccentricities are less curved. • The eccentricity of a conic section is defined to be the distance from any point on the conic section to its focus, divided by the perpendicular distance from that point to the nearest directrix.
• The value of is constant for any conic section.
This property can be used as a general definition for conic sections. The value of can be used to determine the type of conic section as well. The table below shows the eccentricity of the four nondegenerate conics. Conic Section Eccentricity Circle Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola
Take note that a circle is a special type of an ellipse.
Note: Eccentricity is often denoted as . Do not be confused this with the Euler’s number “, they are very much different. Calculating the Value of the Eccentricity of the Four Conics 1. Circle Example 1 Prove that the eccentricity of the circle is .
To find the eccentricity of the circle, we will first rewrite the
standard equation of the circle into an ellipse:
Standard Equation of a Circle:
Standard equation of an Ellipse: 2 2 2 ( 𝑥 − h ) + ( 𝑦 − 𝑘 ) =𝑟 2 2 2 (𝑥 −h ) ( 𝑦 −𝑘) 𝑟 2 + 2 = 2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 2 2 (𝑥 −h ) ( 𝑦 −𝑘) 2 + 2 =1 𝑟 𝑟 The standard equation of a circle in terms of ellipse is . Given , and .
Solve for : 𝑒¿ √ = 𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏2
𝑎𝑎 −𝑟 𝑒= 𝑐 = √𝑟 2 2
𝑟 𝑎 𝑒= √ 0 𝑟 0 𝑒= 𝑟 𝑒= 0 Therefore, the eccentricity of the circle is 0. 2. Parabola
The eccentricity of a parabola is defined to be
the distance from any point on the parabola to its focus, divided by the perpendicular distance from that point to the nearest directrix. We will use this definition of eccentricity to verify the eccentricity of the parabola which is 1. Example 2 Show that the eccentricity of is 1.
𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂= 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 • We will identify a certain point, the focus, and a point nearest to the directrix that is perpendicular to that certain point of the parabola . Parts of the Parabola with an equation of Equation in standard form Opening Rightward Vertex Focus Directrix 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂= 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙
ellipse is . Example 3 Find the eccentricity of the equation of the ellipse . Given: and
Find :
Therefore, the eccentricity
of is approximately . 4. Hyperbola
The formula of the eccentricity of
an ellipse is . Example 4 Find the eccentricity of the equation of the hyperbola . Given: and Find :
Therefore, the eccentricity of is approximately . Problem Set No. 1.1. A. Direction: Classify the following general equation of the nondegenerate conic sections by completing the table below. Compute the discriminant and find the relationship of the A and C. Then, identify the type of the nondegenerate conic section is the equation. Relationship of Value of Type of Equation A and C Discriminant Nondegenerate Conics B. Direction: Determine the eccentricity of the following equations of conic sections. Show your solution as much as possible. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Thank you for listening!
